GIS/GPS in Law Enforcement Master Bibliography

To view this page ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 9.0.124 or greater is installed.

Please login or register to make a comment!

Donald Albert GIS/GPS in Law Enforcement Master Bibliography 2 nd Edition 1 POLICE EXECUTIVE RESEARCH FORUM GIS/GPS in Law Enforcement GIS/GPS in Law Enforcement GIS/GPS in Law Enforcement GIS/GPS in Law Enforcement GIS/GPS in Law Enforcement Master Bibliography Master Bibliography Master Bibliography Master Bibliography Master Bibliography 2 2 2 2 2 nd nd nd nd nd Edition Edition Edition Edition Edition Donald P. Albert, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Geography and Geology Sam Houston State University Huntsville, Texas 77340 Email: geo_dpa@shsu.edu 2 July 2003 Dear Colleagues: I would like to thank the Police Executive Research Forum for encouraging me to update the cGIS/GPS in Law Enforcement: Master Bibliography. d Numerous books, articles, reports, and conference proceedings have been added to the literature since the 1 st edition was published in 2000.

This 2 nd edition will also be available online at www .policeforum.or g. Please send any corrections and additions to Dr. Donald Albert, Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Geology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, 77341 or email them to me at geo_dpa@shsu.edu.

Don Albert Huntsville, Texas Last updated April 2003 3 A Agung, A. (1997). Crime hot spot analysis and dynamic pin map.

Proceedings, 1997 Environmental Systems Research Institute International ... more. less.

User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Albert, D., & Leipnik, M. (2003). Towards a lexicon of criminology and geography: 25 useful terms. M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 243-244). London: Taylor & Francis. Alexander, M., Groff, E., & Hibdon, L. (1997). An automated system for the identification and prioritization of rape suspects. Proceedings, 1997 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Alexander, R. (1999, November 21). With GIS mapping software, local police gaining new views. The Boston Globe , 3 rd ed., p. 5. Allen, G. (1993). Advances in automatic vehicle location technology. Police and Security News, 9(5), 3, 47 350. Alvaredo, F., & Gomez, M. (1992). GIS supports summer Olympic games security. GIS World, 5(6), 58 361. Alverson, C. (1994). From hijack to ski slope: GIS polices the Winter Olympics. GIS Europe , 3(4), 36-40. Anderson, D. (1990). Seattle and Tacoma PDs automated crime analysis. National F.O.P. Journal, 19(2), 50 352. Anderson, D. (1990). Seattle, Tacoma Automated Crime Analysis. American City and County, 105(July), 52. Anderson, M. (1996). GPS used to track criminals. GIS World, 9(8), 15. Asbell, B. (2003). National Guard Bureau ¾Counterdrug GIS programs: Supporting counterdrug law enforcement. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 211-227). London: Taylor & Francis. Assuncao, R. (2001). Spatial model to evaluate impact of observation and surveillance police stations in a large Brazilian city. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Ault, R. (2002). Utilizing GIS for emergency planning and beyond. Proceedings, 2002 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html 4 B Baker, T. (1999). Supergangs¾or organized crime? Law and Order, 47(10), 192 3197. Baker, W. (1997). ALERT: Police vehicle technology for the 21 st century. The Police Chief , (September), 23 333. Barnes, G. (1995). Defining and optimizing displacement. In J. Eck & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Crime and Place (pp. 95-113). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press and Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Barr, R. (1993). Why can 9t my computer stick pins in a map? GIS World , 2(6), 14-15. Bellucci, C. (1995). DMAP in Jersey City: Implementing a technological revolution. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 195- 199).Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Bennett, T. (1995). Identifying, explaining, and targeting burglary hot spots. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 3(3), 113 3123. Bennett, W., Merlo, A., & Leiker, K. (1987). Geographical patterns of incendiary and accidental fires. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3(1), 47 364. Bernasco, W. (2002). Using random utility maximization models to explain location choice of offenders. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Bhati, A. (2002). Robust spatial analysis of rare crimes: Modeling disaggregated homicide rates. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Birchall, G. (2003). From crime to focused distribution: Crime management data handling. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 81- 84). London: Taylor & Francis. Bitner, L., Gardner J., & Caldwell, R. (2002). Analyzing gun violence. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime Mapping Case Studies: Successes in the Field (Vol. 2, pp. 13-18). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Blair, B. (1992). Time-critical GIS: The key to emergency response. Geo Info Systems , 2(5), 24-35. Block C., & Green, L. (1994). The geoarchive handbook: A guide for developing a geographic database as an information foundation for community policing . Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. Block, C. (1995). STAC hot-spot areas: A statistical tool for law enforcement decisions. In Block, C., Dabdoub, M., & Fregly S., (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 15-32). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. 5 Block, C. (1997). The GeoArchive: An information foundation for community policing. In D. Weisburd & J. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 27-81). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Block, C., & Dabdoub, M. (1993). Workshop on crime analysis through computer mapping Proceedings . Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. Block, C., Dabdoub, M., & Fregly, S. (Eds.). (1995). Crime analysis through computer mapping . Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Block, R. (1995a). Geocoding of crime incidents using the 1990 TIGER File: The Chicago example. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 189-193). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Block, R. (1995b). Spatial analysis in the evaluation of the cCAPS d community policing program in Chicago. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 251-258). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Block, R., & Block, C. (1995). Space, place, and crime: Hot spot areas and hot places of liquor- related crime. In J. Eck & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Crime and place (pp. 145-184). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press and Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Block, R., & Block, C. (1997). Risky places in Chicago and the Bronx: Robbery in the environs of rapid transit stations. Paper presented to the Spatial Analysis of Crime Workshop, Hunter College, New York, NY. Boba, R. (2000). Guidelines to implement and evaluate crime analysis and mapping in law enforcement agencies . Washington, DC: Police Foundation. Boba, R., & Velasco, M. (2002). Crime analysis, crime mapping, and the Web. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Boros, A. (1994). A GIS for county-based probation management. Papers & Proceedings of Applied Geography Conferences ¾ State University of New York at Binghamton , 17, 94-100. Bouwmeester, A., & Brown, W. (2002). Mapping investigation strategies: An analytical approach. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Bowers, K., & Hirschfield, A. (1999). Exploring links between crime and disadvantage in north-west England: An analysis using geographical information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems , 13(2), 159-184. Bowman, B. (1989). Commemorating the 30 th anniversary of airborne law enforcement in LA. The Police Chief , 56(2), 17 318. 6 Bowman-Jamieson, D., Drummy, P., & Scanlon, P. (1999). A regional approach to crime mapping and the Web. Proceedings, 1999 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Bowron, S., & Ruprecht, R. (1981). Fixed wing aircraft in support of police operations¾An introductory report of the work of the Hampshire constabulary air support unit. Police Research Bulletin , 37, 38 345. Boyd, S. (2001). Geographic analysis of the effect of drug treatment centers on neighborhood crime. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Bradshaw, T. (1999). Gunfire location system helps stop crime in urban areas. Proceedings, 1999 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Brantingham, P., & Brantingham, P. (1981). Environmental criminology . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Brantingham, P., & Brantingham, P. (1984). Patterns in crime . New York, NY: Macmillan. Brantingham, P., & Brantingham, P. (1995). Location quotients and crime hot spots in the city. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 129- 149). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Brantingham, P., & Brantingham, P. (1997). Mapping crime for analytic purposes: Location quotients, counts and rates. In D. Weisburd & T. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 263-288). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Brassel, K., & Utano, J. (1979). Linking crime and census information within a crime mapping system. Review of Public Data Use, 7 (3/4), 15 324. Brassel, K., & Utano, J. (1979). Mapping from an automated display system. Professional Geographer, 31, 191 3200. Brown, D. (1992). Drugs on the border: The role of the military. Parameters, 21(1991/1992), 50 359. Brown, D., & Liu, H. (1999). A new approach to spatial-temporal criminal event prediction. Proceedings, 1999 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Brown, G. (1994). What impact will personal position location technology have upon the management and administration of mid-sized law enforcement organization by the year 2000? Sacramento: California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training. Brown, M. (1982). Modeling the spatial distribution of suburban crime. Economic Geography, 58(3), 247 3261. 7 Brown, S., Lawless, D., Lu, X., & Rogers, D. (1998). Interdicting a burglary pattern: GIS and crime analysis in the Aurora Police Department. In N. LaVigne and J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 1, pp. 99-108). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Buerger, M., Cohn, E., & Petrosino, A. (1995). Defining the chot spots d of crime: Operationalizing theoretical concepts for field research. In J. Eck & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Crime and place , (pp. 237-258). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press and Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Bulkeley, D. (1993). High-tech tools to help crack crimes. Design News , 48(49), 27 328. Burka, J., Mudd, A., Nulph, D., & Wilson, R. (1999). Breaking down jurisdictional barriers: A technical approach to regional crime analysis. Proceedings, 1999 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/ archive.html Burns, T., Leipnik, M., Preston, K., and Evans, T. (2003). The enforcer GIS: Helping Pinellas County, Florida manage and share geo-spatial data. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 184-196). London: Taylor & Francis. Buslik, M., & Maltz, M. (1997). Power to the people: Mapping information sharing in the Chicago Police Department. In D. Weisburd & T. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 133-130). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. 8 C Call, R., Mayer, R., & Baird, R. (1989). From punch cards to computers: An evolution in crime analysis. The Police Chief , 56(6), 37. Cameron, A., & Landers, J. (2001). Taking up position in covert surveillance. GIS World , 12(8), 10-12. Cameron, B. (1999). Technology improves crime statistics. Law and Order, 47(3), 30 332. Campbell, G. (1992). GIS in the police environment. In J. Cadoux-Hudson & I. Heywood (Eds.), Geographical Information 1992/3: The Yearbook of the AGI (pp. 114-118). London, Taylor & Francis. Canter, P. (1995). State of the statistical art: Point pattern analysis. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 151-160). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Canter, P. (1997). Geographic information systems and crime analysis in Baltimore County, Maryland. In D. Weisburd & J. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 157-190). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Canter, P. (1998). Baltimore County 9s autodialer system. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (pp. 81-92). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Cao, L., & Raine, J. (2002). Mapping illegal immigrant and smuggler trails at U.S.-Mexico border using ADAR 5500 imagery. Proceedings, 2002 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Casady, T. (2003). Lincoln Police Department¾specific example of GIS success. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 113-126). London: Taylor & Francis. Chainey, S. (2000). Optimizing closed-circuit television use. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 2, 91-100). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Chainey, S. (2001). Insights into the analysis and patterns of offender journey to crime. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Chainey, S. (2002). New perspectives and developments in crime mapping: From blobology and better partnership working to crime science and supporting serious crime investigations. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Cheetham, R., & Switala, K. (1998). Police at play: What if redistricting plans were as addictive as Solitaire"? Proceedings, 1998 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html 9 Chicca, E. (2000). Developing automated systems to track false alarms for local jurisdictions. Proceedings, 1997 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Chicca, E., & Shaw, D. (2001). Using maps to track the incidence of false alarms. Proceedings, 2001 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Clarke, R.V. (Ed.). (1992). Situational crime prevention: Successful case studies . New York: Harrow and Heston. Claypool, D., Zietlow, S., Gilbert, B., Creager, K., Tri, J., Novick, Y., & Silver, J. (1995). Proceedings, Counter Law Enforcement: Applied Technology for Improved Operational Effectiveness International Technology Symposium, (Part 2, pp. 17-1 3 17-9). Washington, DC: US Executive Office of the President. Clontz, K. (1997). Spatial analysis of residential burglaries in Tallahassee, Florida. Proceedings, 1997 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference. Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Clontz, K., & Mericle, J. (1998). Using Atlas Pro analysis for examining the relationship between commercial land use and burglary. Proceedings, 1998 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Clontz, K., & Mericle, J. (1999). Community policing: Put your mapping where your mouth is. Proceedings, 1999 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference. Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Clontz, K., & Mericle, J. (2001). Drugs: The new Farm Aid? Proceedings, 2001 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Clontz, K., & Mericle, J. (2002). Within 500 feet: Do you know where your sex offenders are? Proceedings, 2002 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Conley, J. (2000). Community safety information system (CSIS) in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Proceedings, 2000 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Conley, J. (2001). Community safety information system in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Proceedings, 2001 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html. Conley, J. (2002). Community safety problem-solving with GIS in Winston-Salem, NC. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html 10 Conley, J., Groff, E. & Lesser, T. (1999). Using GIS to support community safety: Strategic approaches to community safety (SACS) initiative in Winston-Salem, NC. Proceedings, 1999 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Cooper, A. (2001). Using GIS to reconcile crime scenes with those indicated by serial criminals. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Corcoran, J. (2001). Data clustering using ANNs as a precursor to crime hot spot prediction. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Costello, A., & Leipnik, M. (2003). Journey to crime: GIS analysis of offender and victim journeys in Sheffield, England. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 228-231). London: Taylor & Francis. Cotton, F. (1994). Justice applications of computer animation . Sacramento, CA: Search Group, Inc. Craglia, M., Haining, R., & Signoretta, P. (2001). Modelling high-intensity crime areas in English cities. Urban Studies , 38(11), 1921-1941. Craglia, M., Haining, R., & Wiles, P. (2000). A comparative evaluation of approaches to urban crime pattern analysis. Urban Studies , 37(4), 711-729. Crime Mapping Laboratory. (2000a). Geocoding in law enforcement. Washington, DC: Police Foundation. Crime Mapping Laboratory. (2000b). Integrating community policing and computer mapping: Assessing issues and needs among COPS Office grantees. Washington, DC: Police Foundation. Crime Mapping Laboratory. (2001c). Frequently asked question of crime analysis and mapping . Washington, DC: Police Foundation. Curry, G., & Decker S. (1997). Understanding and responding to gangs in an emerging gang problem context. Valparaiso University Law Review , 31(2), 523 3533. 11 D Dadigan, L., & Ferguson, F. (1978). Computer mapping aids pinpoint crime and accident trends. The Police Chief , 45(9), 30 332. DeAngelis, T. (2000). GIS answering the why of where. The Police Chief , 67(2), 12. Devery, C. (1992). Mapping crime in local government area: Assault and break and enter in Waverly. Sydney: New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. Dighton, D. (1996). Violence of street gangs. Compiler , 16(2), 4 36. Dock, A. (2002). Using GPS/GIS to test emergency vehicle signal preemption. Proceedings, 2002 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Duenas, M. (1995). Ada County rewrites the book with GIS. American City & County , 110(2), 43. Durso, C. (2002). Estimation of seasonality for use in crime mapping. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/ 02conf/Papers&Presentations.html 12 E Echelberry, N. (1989). Move over, Crockett and Tubbs: Miami has a new crime-fighting weapon. The Police Chief , 56 (Jan.), 20 321, 24 325. Eck, J. (1995). The usefulness of maps for area and place research: An example from a study of retail drug dealing. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping , (pp. 277-284). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Eck, J. (1997). What do those dots mean? Mapping theories with data. In D. Weisburd & T. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 379-406). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Eck, J., & Weisburd, D. (1995a). Crime and place . Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Eck, J., & Weisburd, D. (1995b). Crime places in crime theory. In J. Eck & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Crime and place (pp. 1-33). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press and Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Elliot, B. (1995). Cities turn to GIS to enhance efficiency and responsiveness. Earth Observation Magazine , 4(8), 30-32. Erickson, K. (2002). Tracking sex offenders on-line. Proceedings, 2002 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/ userconf/archive.html Evans, D., & Fletcher, M. (2000). Fear of crime: testing alternative hypotheses. Applied Geography , 20 (Dec.), 395 3411. Evans, D., & Herbert, D. (1989). The geography of crime . London: Routledge. Exploring new worlds with GIS. (1991). IBM Directions, 5(2), 12 319. 13 F Figlio, R., Hakim, S., & Rengert, G. (1986). Metropolitan crime patterns . Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Fortner, R. (1998). Computer technology: Mapping the future. Police , 22(7), 16 321. Fox-Clinch, J. (1997). Crime and the digital dragnet. Mapping Awareness , 11(2), 22 323. France, D., Griffin, T., Swanburg, J., Linemann, J., Davenport, G., Trammell, V., et al. (1992). Multidisciplinary approach to the detection of clandestine graves. Journal of Forensic Sciences , 37(6), 1445 31458. Fryer, G., Miyoshi, T. (1995). Cluster analysis of detected and substantiated child maltreatment incidents in rural Colorado. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(3), 363 3369. Fyfe, N. (1991). The police, space, and society: The geography of policing. Progress in Human Geography , 5 (3), 249-267. 14 G Garson, G., & Vann, I. (2001). Geographic information systems for small and medium law enforcement jurisdictions: Strategies and effective practices. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Justice Analysis Center. Geake, E. (1993). How PC 9s predict where crime will strike . New Scientist , 140 (Sept.), 17. Geggie, P. (1998). Mapping and serial crime prediction. In N. LaVigne and J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 1, pp. 109-116). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Georges, D. (1978). The geography of crime and violence: A spatial and ecological perspective. Washington, DC: Association of American Geographers. Georges-Abeyie, D., & Harries, K. (Eds.). (1980). Crime: A spatial perspective . New York: Columbia University Press. Gersh, J., & Beardsley, K. (2000). Evaluating the impact of a drug crackdown. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 2, 19-27). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Glaser, M. (1991). GIS for public safety. Nine-One-One Magazine, 4(3), 26 328. Goldsmith, V., McGuire, P., & Mollenkopf, J. (2000). Analyzing crime patterns: Frontiers of practice . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Gore, R. (2002). Use and effectiveness of distance-decay curves and incident-based offender residence probability surfaces in ranking an offender on a randomly generated suspect list. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/ Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Gore, R., & Pattavina, A. (2001). Linking offender residence probability surfaces to a specific incident location: An application for tracking temporal shifts in journey to crime relationships and prioritizing suspects and mug shot order. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Gorr, W. (2001). Future of hot spot forecasting. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Gravesen, G. (1999). Using laser mapping equipment and procedures. Law and Order, 47(11), 45 347. Gray, K. (2000). GIS saving lives. Earth Observation Magazine 9(3), 14. Green, L., & Whitaker, R. (1995). The early warning system GeoArchive codebook: Area Four Project . Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. Greene, R. (2001). Open access: GIS in e-government economic development, planning and zoning, environmental monitoring, law enforcement, property assessment. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press. 15 Grescoe, T. (1996). The geography of crime. Geographical Magazine, (9), 26 327. Gresty, B., & Taylor, K. (1995). Operation Newburg: A police crackdown on domestic burglaries in Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside. Focus on Police Research and Development , 6, 18 321. Groff, E., La Vigne, N., Nahbedian, C., Jefferis, E., O 9Connell, M., Szaka, J., et al. (1998, March). A multi-method exploration of crime hot spots: An evaluation of the crepeat places d mapping technique . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Grogger, J., & Weatherford, M. (1995). Crime, policing and the perception of neighbourhood safety. Political Geography , 14(6 37), 521 3541. Grubesic, T. (2001). Detecting hot spots using cluster analysis and GIS. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/ 01conf/Papers.html Gwinn, M. (1993, February 22). Info bites 4computerized public information offers a world of information for fun and profit, but citizen access is fraught with challenges. The Seattle Times , Section B, p.1. 16 H Hakim, S., & Rengert, G. (1981). Crime spillover . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Haley, D. (2002). Real-time moving map displays assist police helicopter dispatch. Proceedings, 2002 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Harries, K. (1971). The geography of American crime. Journal of Geography , 70, 204 3213. Harries, K. (1973). Social indicators and metropolitan variations in crime. Proceedings, Association of American Geographers , 5, 97 3101. Harries, K. (1974). The geography of crime and justice . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Harries, K. (1976). Cities and crime: A geographic model. Criminology , 14, 369 3386. Harries, K. (1978). Local crime rates: An empirical approach for law enforcement agencies, crime analysts, and criminal justice planners . Final Report. Grant no. 78-NIJ-AX-0064. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. Harries, K. (1980). Crime and the environment . Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Harries, K. (1985). Sharing crime analysis techniques and information. The Police Chief , 52 (Sept.), 42 343. Harries, K. (1988). Spatial and temporal dimensions of assaults against children in Dallas, Texas, 1980 3 1981. Journal of Family Violence , 3(4), 327 3338. Harries, K. (1989). Homicide and assault: A comparative analysis of attributes in Dallas neighborhoods, 1981 31985. Professional Geographer , 41(Feb.), 29 338. Harries, K. (1990a). Geographic factors in policing, Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Harries, K. (1990b). Serious violence: Patterns of homicide and assault in the U.S. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Harries, K. (1995a). A database for the ecological analysis of social stress and violence in small areas. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S.Fregly. (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 167-178). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Harries, K. (1995b). The ecology of homicide and assault: Baltimore City and County, 1989 391. Studies in Crime and Crime Prevention , 4, 44 360. Harries, K. (1997). Serious violence: Patterns of homicide and assault in America , 2 nd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. 17 Harries, K. (2002). Changes in homicide and assault in Baltimore, 1990-2000. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/ Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Harries, K., & Cheatwood, D. (1997). The geography of execution: The capital punishment quagmire in America . Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Harries, K., & Kovandzic, K. (1999). Persistence, intensity, and areal extent of violence against women: Baltimore City, 1992 395. Violence Against Women , 5, 813 3828. Harries, K., & Lura, R. (1974). The geography of justice: Sentencing variations in U.S. judicial districts. Judicature , 57, 392 3401. Harries, K., & Powell, A. (1994). Juvenile gun crime and social stress, Baltimore, 1980 31990. Urban Geography , 15, 45 363. Harris, R., Huenke, C., & O 9Connell, J. (1998). Using mapping to increase released offenders 9 access to services. In N. LaVigne and J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 1, pp. 61-66). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Harshaw, L. (1995). Taking the guess out of GIS. Presentations , 9(7), pp. 14 316. Hedstrom, P. (1994). Contagious collectives: On the spatial diffusion of Swedish trade unions, 1890 3 1940. American Journal of Sociology , 99(5), 1157 31179. Hejazi, F. (1996). Automated redistricting system for law enforcement. Proceedings, 1996 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Henderson, K., & Lowell, R.. (2002). Reducing campus crime through high-definition mapping. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 2, 3-12). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Herb, L. (2002). Implementing a cross-jurisdictional crime mapping system in New York State. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/ nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Herbert, D. (1982). The geography of urban crime. New York: Longman. Higgins, M., Sivakumar, R., & Breckenridge, J. (2002). Digital mapping server implementation for National Guard counterdrug programs. Proceedings, 2002 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/ archive.html Higgins, M., & Thomas, M. (2002). National Guard digital server portal: National GIS integration and mapping support. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html 18 Higgins, R. (1999, August 22). New mapping technology is boon to planners. The Boston Globe , 1. Higgins, R. (1999, September 12). Computerized mapping gives towns new tool: Using multiple layers of data, GIS has variety of applications. The Boston Globe , City Edition-South Weekly, p. 1. Hill, B. (2001). Narrowing the search: Utilizing a probability grid in tactical analysis. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/ Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Hill, B. (2002). Correlated Walk Analysis (CWA): CrimeStat 9s newest analysis tool. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/ Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Hill, B. (2003). Operationalizing GIS to investigate serial robberies in Phoenix, Arizona. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 146- 158). London: Taylor & Francis. Hirschfield, A., Brown, P. & Todd, P. (1995). GIS and the analysis of spatially-referenced crime data: Experiences in Merseyside, UK. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems , 9(2), 191 Hill, B. 191-210. Hirschfield, A., & Bowers, K. (2001). Mapping and analyzing crime data: Lessons from research and practice. London: Taylor & Francis. Hoogland, I., & Stanley-Jones, F. (2002). Exploring applications of GIS and PSAP data for public safety. Proceedings, 2002 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Hook, P. (1997). Crime Patterns. Police Review , (20 June), 19 320. Hubbs, R. (1998). The Greenway rapist case: Matching repeat offenders with crime locations. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 1, pp. 93- 98). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Hubbs, R. (2003). Mapping crime and community problems in Knoxville, Tennessee. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 127- 145). London: Taylor & Francis. Hunt, E., & Zubrow, E. (1997). Building crime analysis extensions for ArcView. Proceedings, 1997 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http:// www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Huynen, S., & Brenneman, M. (2002). Methods and tools for planning community and public safety strategies. Proceedings, 2002 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html 19 Hyatt, R. (1999). Measuring crime in the vicinity of public housing with GIS. Proceedings, 1999 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Hyatt, R., & Holzman, H. (1999). Guidebook for measuring crime in public housing with geographic information systems . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 20 I IACP LEIM Section: Finding order in the complex world of new technology. The Police Chief , 65(3), 14. Illinois uses computers to identify criminal hot spots. (1992). State Legislatures, 18(12), 7. Ireland, P. (1998). Helping police with their enquiries. Mapping Awareness , 12(3), 20-24. 21 J Jaska, M. (2000). Gaining sex offender registrant compliance. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 2, 117-122). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Jefferis, E. (1999). A multi-method exploration of crime hot spots: A summary of findings . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Crime Mapping Research Center. Jones, G. (2002). Using spatial analysis to examine displacement in an urban housing development. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/ nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html 22 K Karuppannan, J. (2001). Crime analysis mapping in India: A GIS implementation in Chennai City. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/ nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Karuppannan, J. (2002). Patterns of crimes of communal violence and terrorism in Coimbatore City: A GIS analyis in India. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Kelly, J. (1999). MapInfo helps take a byte out of crime. Crime Mapping News , 1(4), 5 37. Kennedy, D., Braga, A., & Piehl, A. (1997). (Un)known universe: Mapping gangs and gang violence in Boston. In D. Weisburd & T. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 219- 262). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Kennedy, L. (2001). Mapping criminal events: Analysis of vehicle theft using conditional locational interdependence (CLI) analysis. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Keppel, R., & Weis, J. (1993). HITS: Catching criminals in the Northwest. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin , 62(4), 14 319. Kinslow, M., & Valentine, T. (1997). Design of ArcView interface for crime analysis. Proceedings, 1999 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Kinzy, S. (1998). Data warehousing moves GIS beyond maps. GIS World , 11(10), 58-61. Klein, S., & Getz, R. (1999). Blueline CPD: Interactive TV fights crime. Law and Order , 47(10), 237 3242. Kochan, G. (2001). Law enforcement, MapObjects, and the recovery of missing children. Proceedings, 2001 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html. Kondo, I., & Unsinger, P. (1972). System of using aerial photographs in police patrol work . Law and Order , 20(11), 82 385. 23 L Laming, R. (1993). GIS¾supporting our services. Mapping Awareness & GIS in Europe , 7(4), 11-14. Larson, R. (1989). The new crime stoppers. Technology Review , 92 (Nov/Dec), 26 331. LaVigne, N., & Wartell, J. (Eds.). (1998). Crime Mapping Case Studies: Successes in the Field: Vol. 1 . Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. LaVigne, N., & Wartell, J. (2000). Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field, Volume 2 . Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. LeBeau, J. (1987). The methods and measures of centrography and the spatial dynamics of rape. Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 3(2), 125 3141. LeBeau, J. (1992). Four case studies illustrating the spatial-temporal analysis of serial rapists. Police Studies , 15(3), 124 3145. LeBeau, J. (1995). The temporal ecology of call for police service. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 111-128). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. LeBeau, J. (1997). Summary of mapping violence and high frequency calls for police service: The Charlotte, North Carolina example . Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. LeBeau, J., & Vincent, K. (1997). Mapping it out: Repeat-address burglary alarms and burglaries. In D. Weisburd & J. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 289-310). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Lee, C., & Culhane, D. (1998). A perimeter-based clustering index for measuring spatial segregation: A cognitive GIS approach. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design , 25(3), 327-343. Lee, Y. (1996). Managing probation programs with geographic information systems. Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems , 19(5/6), 409 317. Lee, Y., & Egan, F. (1972). The geography of urban crime: The spatial pattern of serious crime in the City of Denver. Proceedings, Association of American Geographers 4, 59 364. Leipnik, M. (1999). GIS use by Texas police departments. Proceedings, 1999 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/ library/userconf/archive.html Leipnik, M., & Albert, D. (Eds.). (2003). GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies. London: Taylor & Francis. Leipnik, M., & Albert, D. (2003). Crime mapping resources. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 245-246). London: Taylor & Francis. 24 Leipnik, M., & Albert, D. (2003). The Delaware real-time crime reporting system: A statewide and enterprise-wide GIS application for law enforcement. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 197-210). London: Taylor & Francis. Leipnik, M., & Albert, D. Overview of implementation issues. (2003). In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 9-46). London: Taylor & Francis. Leipnik, M., & Albert, D. (2003). How law enforcement agencies can make geographic information technologies work for them. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 3-8). London: Taylor & Francis. Leipnik, M., Albert, D., Kidwell, D., & Mellis, A. (2000). How law enforcement agencies can make geographic information technologies work for them. The Police Chief , 67(9), 34-49. Leipnik, M., Albert, D., Kidwell, D., & Mellis, A. (2003). GIS use in Waco, Texas. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 47-53). London: Taylor & Francis. Leipnik, M., Bottelli, J., Von Essen, I., Schmidt, A., Anderson, L., & Copper, T. (2001). Coordinates of a Killer. Geospatial Solutions, 11(11), 22-33. Leipnik, M., Bottelli, J., Von Essen, I., Schmidt, A., Anderson, L., & Copper, T. (2003). Apprehending murderers in Spokane, Washington using GIS and GPS. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 167-183). London: Taylor & Francis. Lemaire, D., Kasserman, D., & Lemaire, P. (2001). Using GIS to evaluate an anthropological model of patterned violence. Proceedings, 2001 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www.esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Lemaire, D., Kasserman, D., Comparri, E., & Lemaire, P. (2002). Collecting and evaluating resources for use in GIS modeling: Cultural basis for patterns of violence. Proceedings, 2002 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/ library/userconf/archive.html Levine, N. (1996). Spatial statistics and GIS: Software tools to quantify spatial patterns. Journal of the American Planning Association , 62(3), 381 3391. Levine, N. (1999). Development of a spatial analysis toolkit for use in a metropolitan crime incident geographic information system . Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Lewin, J., & Morrison, K. (1995). Use of mapping to support community-level decision making. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 259 - 279). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Leyden, P. (1993, May 24). High-tech van may allow officials to do field work from office. Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), Section B, p. 1. 25 Lochner, F., & Zietsman, H. (1997). Using geographical information systems (GIS) for policing South Africa: A case study in Pearl. South African Geographical Journal , 79(2), 60-72. Lodha, S., & Verma, A. (1999). Animations of crime maps using virtual reality modeling language. Western Criminology Review , 1(2), 1 319. Logan, T., Bryant, A., Mintz, F., Muller, R., & Williams, D. (1995). Mapping marijuana probability grow sites: An operational law enforcement tool. Proceedings, Counter Law Enforcement: Applied Technology for Improved Operational Effectiveness International Technology Symposium (Part 2, 17-1 317-9). Washington, DC: US Executive Office of the President. Lowman, J. (1986). Conceptual issues in the geography of crime: Toward a geography of social control. Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 76(Mar), 81 394. Lu, X., & Lawless, D. (1998). Using GIS for crime analysis and mapping. Proceedings, 1998 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Lutz, W. (1996). Computer mapping: A proven tool to fight arson. Fire and Arson Investigator , 47(1), 15 318. Lutz, W. (1998). Computer mapping helps identify arson targets. The Police Chief , 66(5): pp. 50 352. Lyew, M. (1996). A new weapon for fighting crime. GIS Europe , 5(4), xviii 3xx. Lynch, A., & Rasmussen, D. (2002). Measuring the impact of crime on house prices. Applied Economics, 33(15), 1981-1989. 26 M MacKay, R. (1999). Geographic profiling: A new tool for law enforcement. The Police Chief , 66(12), 51 359. Mallory, J. (1989). Small agencies use computers. Law and Order , 37(6), 37 341. Maltz, M., Gordon, A., & Friedman, W. (1991). Mapping crime in its community setting: Event geography analysis . New York: Springer Verlag. Maltz, M.D. (1995). Crime mapping and the drug market analysis program (DMAP). In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 213-220). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Mamalian, C., & LaVigne, N. (1999). The use of computerized crime mapping by law enforcement: Survey results . Washington, DC: Crime Mapping Research Center. Marc-Aurele, J. (1990). Business of computers. Law Enforcement Technology , 17(5), 52, 54 355. Markovic, J. (2002). Planning and building a cross-jurisdictional crime mapping system for New York State. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference. Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Marshall, J. (1995). 999: Constabulary duties in Nottinghamshire made easier with GIS. GIS Europe , 4(5), 44 346. Martin, D., Barnes, E., & Britt. D. (1998). The multiple impacts of mapping it out: Police, geographic information systems (GIS) and community mobilization during Devil 9s Night in Detroit, Michigan. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 1, 3- 14). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Matzner, R. (2001). The I-team geospatial information initiative: A process to share and integrate data for criminal investigations, homeland security, emergency response, and public safety. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/ Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Mazerolle, L., & Conover, T. (1998, March). A multi-method exploration of crime hot-spots: Spatial and temporal analysis of crime (STAC) . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Mazerolle, L., Bellucci, C., & Gajewski, F. (1997). Crime mapping in police departments: The challenges of building a mapping system. In D. Weisburd and J. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 131-156). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. McCabe, C. (1990). From open fields to open skies: The constitutionality of aerial surveillance. Narc Officer , 6(4), 47, 49 351. McEwen, J., & Taxman, F. (1995). Applications of computer mapping to police operations. In J. Eck & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Crime and place (pp. 259-284). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press and Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. 27 McLaughlin, M. (1994). Automatic vehicle location for law enforcement . Sacramento, CA: Search Group, Inc. McLean, H. (1990). Getting high on crime. Law and Order , 38(7), 30 336. McLellan, J., Krakiwsky, E., & Schleppe, J. (1993). Application of GPS positioning to management of mobile operation. Journal of Survey Engineering , 119(2), 71-83. Meeker, J. (1999). Accountability for inappropriate use of crime maps and the sharing of inaccurate data. Crime Mapping and Data Confidentiality Roundtable July 8 39, 1999 . Washington, DC. Crime Mapping Research Center, National Institute of Justice. Mericle, J., & Clontz, K. (2003). GIS and crime mapping by Illinois Police: If you 9ve got it, flaunt it. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 92-97). London: Taylor & Francis. Messina, J., & May J. (2003). Aerial photography and remote sensing for solving crimes. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 232-240). London: Taylor & Francis. Miller, T. (1993a). GIS catches criminals. GIS World , 6(5), 42 343. Miller, T. (1993b). GIS helps San Bernardino Police take a byte out of crime. American City and County , 108(3), 42. Miller, T. (1994). Computers track the criminals 9 trail. American Demographics , 16(Jan.), 3 314. Miller, T. (1995). Integrating crime mapping with CAD and RMS. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime Analysis Through Computer Mapping (pp. 179-188). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Mitchell, D. (1997). Crime, policing and GIS: An emerging technology? London: Association for Geographic Information. Available at http://www .agi.or g.uk/pages/freepubs/crime.html Moland, R. (1998). Graphical display of murder trial evidence. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 1, 69-79). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Monmonier, M. (1997). Cartographies of danger: Mapping hazards in America . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Moore, B. (2002a). Geographic profiling. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Moore, B. (2002b). Preparing a crime prediction profile. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping ReConference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/ Papers&Presentations.html 28 Moore, M. (1995). Keeping it simple. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 161-166). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Morrison, R. (1998). In jail at home: The Pro Tech Monitoring Inc. SMART monitoring system handles house arrest monitoring via satellite. Law Enforcement Technology , 25(6), 86 389. Mowbray, C. (2002). Target selection and spatial pattern analysis of serial sexual offenders in Edmonton, Canada. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http:/ /www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Murphy, J. (1995). Tracking in urban environments: Alternative technological approaches . Proceedings, Counter Law Enforcement: Applied Technology for Improved Operational Effectiveness International Technology Symposium (Part 2, pp. 17-1 317-9). Washington, DC: US Executive Office of the President. Murray, A., & Shyy, T. (2000). Integrating attribute and space characteristics in choropleth display and spatial data mining. International Journal of Geographical Information Science , 14(7), 649-667. 29 N Neese, A. (2000). Using GIS for police redistricting. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 2, 109-115). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Nelson, A., Bromley, R., & Thomas, C. (2001). Identifying micro-spatial and temporal patterns of violent crime and disorder in the British city centre. Applied Geography , 21(3), 249-274. Nelson, L. (1999). Crime mapping and Environmental Systems Research Institute. Crime Mapping News , 1(4), 1 38. Neumann, M., & Ball, A. (2000). Guiding environmental design and neighborhood problem solving. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 2, 37- 42). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Nowicki, D. (1999). A cproposal d for partnerships between police agencies and researchers on geocoded data sharing. Crime Mapping and Data Confidentiality Roundtable July 8 39, 1999 . Washington, DC: Crime Mapping Research Center, National Institute of Justice. Nuttall, N. (1991, August 29). Putting the criminal on the map. The Times . 30 O O 9Kane, J., Fisher, R., & Green, L. (1994). Mapping campus crime. Security Journal , 5(3), 172 3180. Olligschlaeger, A. (1997). Artificial neural networks and crime mapping. In D. Weisburd & J. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 313-347). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Olligschlaeger, A. (2003). Future directions in crime mapping. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 103-109). London: Taylor & Francis. Openshaw, S. (1993). GIS crime and GIS criminality . Environment and Planning A , 25(4), 451 3458. Oppenshaw, S. (1994). Two exploratory space-time-attribute pattern analysers relevant to GIS. In S. Fotheringham (Ed.), Technical issues in geographic information systems (pp. 83-104). London: Taylor & Francis. Openshaw, S., Cross, A., Charlton, M., & Brunsdon, C. (1990). Lessons learnt from a post mortem of a failed GIS. 2nd National Conference and Exhibition of the AGI , Brighton, UK. Openshaw, S., Cross, A., & Waugh, D. (1993). Crime and GIS: Round up the usual suspects. GIS Europe , 2(2), 13-15. Otto, A., Maly, K., & Schismenso, D. (2000). In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 2, 101-107). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. 31 P Page, J. (1997). Dial M for mapping. Mapping Awareness ,11(2), 25 327. Panel discussion. (1983). Using computers in crime fighting, training, and administration: A practical approach. The Police Chief , 50(Mar.), 123 3130. Patrick, M. (2002). Proving the SARA model: A problem-solving approach to street crime reduction in the London borough of Lewisham. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Paul, B. (2001). Using crime mapping to measure the negative secondary effects of adult businesses in Fort Wayne, Indiana: A quasi-experimental methodology. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/ Papers.html Paulsen, D. (2001). Mapping in Podunk: Issues and problems in the implementation and use of GIS in small and rural law enforcement agencies. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Paulsen, D. (2003a). Comparing actual hot spots v. media hot spots: Houston, Texas, homicides 1986- 94. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 98-102). London: Taylor & Francis. Paulsen, D. (2003b). Mapping in Mayberry: Major issues in the implementation of GIS in small and rural law enforcement agencies. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 54-66). London: Taylor & Francis. Person, S. (2001). Improving citizens 9 quality of life. Proceedings, 2001 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/ userconf/archive.html. Peters, P. (2002). Pulling it all together: Data sharing, mapping, and crime analysis across multi- jurisdictions. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http:// www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Petronis, K., Johnson, C., & Wish, E. (1995). Location of drug-using arrestees and treatment centers in Washington, D.C.: A geocoding demonstration project . College Park, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland. Pezzuchi, G. (2001). Crime mapping in the Buenos Aires Province of Argentina: Initial experience and current decentralization trends. Proceedings, 2001 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/01conf/Papers.html Phelan, L., & Fenske, J. (1995). Crime analysis: Administrative aspects. TELEMASP Bulletin , 1(10). Phillips, P. (1972). A prologue to the geography of crime . Proceedings, Association of American Geographers, 4, 86 391. Pilant, L. (1995). Automated vehicle location. The Police Chief , 62(9), 37 346. 32 Pilant, L. (1996). High-technology solutions. The Police Chief , 63(5), 38 351. Pilant, L. (1997). Spotlight on computerized crime mapping. The Police Chief , 64(12), 60 361, 63 369. Pilant, L. (1999). Crime mapping and analysis. The Police Chief , 66(12), 38 347. Plouffe, N. (2002). Understanding and preventing auto theft using geographical information systems. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/ nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Polk, J., Hammond, M., Yoder, C., & Burke, M. (2000). Enforcing civil gang injunctions. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies (Vol. 2, 123-131). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Pollitt, M. (1994). Protecting Irish interests: GIS on patrol. GIS World , 3(11), 18 320. Poulsen, E. (2003). Designing a database for law enforcement agencies. In M. Leipnik & D. Albert (Eds.), GIS in law enforcement: Implementation issues and case studies (pp. 69-80). London: Taylor & Francis. Pyle, G. (1974). The spatial dynamics of crime. Chicago: Department of Geography, University of Chicago. Pyle, G. (1976). Spatial and temporal aspects of crime in Cleveland, Ohio. American Behavioral Scientist 20(2), 175 3197. 33 Q Quist, J. (1999). GIS crime mapping improves public safety. Nation 9s Cities Weekly , 22(17), 7, 10. 34 R Ratcliffe, J. (2000). Implementing and integrating crime mapping into a police intelligence environment. International Journal of Police Science Management , 2(4), 313 3323. Ratcliffe, J., & McCullagh, M. (1998a). Aoristic crime analysis. International Journal of Geographical Information Science , 12 (7), 751 3764. Ratcliffe, J., & McCullagh, M. (1998b). Identifying repeat victimization with GIS. British Journal of Criminology , 38(4), 651 3680. Ratcliffe, J., & McCullagh, M. (1998c). The perception of crime hot spots: A spatial study in Nottingham, U.K. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 1, pp. 45-51). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Read, T., & Oldfield, D. (1995). Local crime analysis: Crime detection and prevention series, (Paper No. 65). London: Police Research Group. Reboussin, R., Warren, J., & Hazelwood, R. (1995). Mapless mapping in analyzing the spatial distribution of serial rapes. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, and S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, pp. 59 364. Regional Community Policing Training Institute (n.d). Geographic information systems. RCPTI Online. Wichita, KS: Regional Community Policing Training Institute. Available at http://www .wsurcpi.or g/ tech/gis.html Rengert, G.F. (1975). Some effects of being female on criminal spatial behavior. The Pennsylvania Geographer 13, 10 318. Rengert, G.F. (1995). Comparing cognitive hot spots to crime hot spots. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 33-48). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Rengert, G.F. (1998). The geography of illegal drugs . Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Rengert, G., & Pelfrey, W. (1997). Cognitive mapping of the city center: Comparative perceptions of dangerous places. In D. Weisburd & J. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 193-218). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Rengert, G., & Wasilchick, J. (1985). Suburban burglary: A time and place for everything . Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Reuland, M. (Ed.). (1997). Information management and crime analysis: Practitioners 9 recipes for success . Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Rewers, R., & Green, L. (1995). The Chicago Area Four GeoArchive: An information foundation. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 221-229). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. 35 Rex, B., & Rasmussen, R. (2000). Starlight and map objects for data mining crime information. Proceedings, 2000 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/library/userconf/archive.html Rich, T. (1995). The use of computerized mapping in crime control and prevention programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. Available at http:// www .ncjrs.or g/pdf files/riamap.pdf or http://www .ncjrs.or g/txtfiles/riamap.txt. Rich, T. (1996). The Chicago Police Department 9s Information Collection for Automated Mapping (ICAM) Program: A Program Focus . Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice. Rich, T. (1999). Mapping the path to problem solving. National Institute of Justice Journal (October), 2 39. Robbin, C. (2000). Apprehending violent robbers through a crime series analysis. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in the field (Vol. 2, 73-79). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Robey, R. (1998, July 6). Governments embrace new mapping system. The Denver Post, 2 nd Edition, Section B, p. 2. Roe, G. (2001). An ArcIMS for the defense/intel community. Proceedings, 2001 Environmental Systems Research Institute International User Conference . Available at http://www .esri.com/ library/userconf/archive.html Rogers, D. (1999). Getting crime analysis on the map. Law Enforcement Technology , 26(11), 76 379. Rogers, R. & Craig, D. (1994). Geographic information systems in policing. Police Studies 17(2), 67 378. Rogers, R. & Craig, D. (1996). Geographic information systems: Computers in law enforcement. Journal of Crime and Justice , 19(1), 61 374. Roncek, D., & Maier, P. (1991). Bars, blocks, and crimes revisited: Linking the theory of routine activities to the empiricism of hot spots. Criminolog y, 29(4), 725 353. Roncek, D., & Montgomery, A. (1995). Spatial autocorrelation revisited: Conceptual underpinnings and practical guidelines for the use of the generalized potential as a remedy for spatial autocorrelation in large samples. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 99-110). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Rose, S. (1998). Mapping technology takes a bite out of crime. Business Geographics, (June), 98. Rosenbaum, D., & Lavrakas, P. (1995). Self-reports about place: The application of survey and interview methods to the study of small areas. In D. Weisburd & T. McEwen (Eds.), Crime prevention studies (Vol. 4, pp. 285-313). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. 36 Rossmo, D. (1995a). Overview: Multivariate spatial profiles as a tool in crime investigation. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 65- 97). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Rossmo, D. (1995b). Strategic crime patterning: Problem-oriented policing and displacement. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 1-14). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. 37 S Sanford, R. (1995) How to develop a tactical early warning system on a small-city budget. In C. Block, M. Dabdoub, & S. Fregly (Eds.), Crime analysis through computer mapping (pp. 199-209). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Schmidt, A., Gaffney, M., DeMarco, C. (2000). Assessing a neighborhood watch program. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies (Vol. 2, 43-51). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Schmitz, P. (2002a). Mapping crime levels per magisterial district in South Africa. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/ Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Schmitz, P. (2002b). Using satellite imagery, digital orthophotos, and GPS in crime mapping in South Africa. Proceedings, 2002 Crime Mapping Research Conference . Available at http://www .ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/Conferences/02conf/Papers&Presentations.html Schmitz, P., Cooper, A., Davidson, A., Roussow, K. (2000). Breaking alibis through cell phone mapping. In N. LaVigne & J. Wartell (Eds.), Crime mapping case studies: Successes in

less