2000 Integrated Orchard Management Guide

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2010 Integrated Orchard Management Guide for Commercial Apples in the Southeast Alabama Cooperative Extension System Auburn University University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service University of Arkansas Clemson Cooperative Extension Service Clemson University University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service University of Georgia North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service North Carolina State University University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service University of Tennessee Poison Control Centers and Emergency Facilities PESTICIDE POISONING B Symptoms of pesticide poisoning may include headache, blurred vision, weakness, nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and chest discomfort. If any of these symptoms occur during or after mixing or applying pesticides or if an unintended unprotected exposure such as a spill occurs, stop work at once and take appropriate action. If pesticide is spilled on the skin, immediately wash the area thoroughly with large amounts of soap and water.

If pesticide is in the eye, flush the eye for 15 minutes in running water. If pesticide is inhaled, move to open, clean air. If pesticide is ingested, rinse out the mouth.

Follow all label first aid directions. Give CPR if indicated. Get help.

Contact your physician or poison control center (listed below or on WPS safety poster). Transport the victim to the closest medical ... more. less.

care facility. Take the pesticide container or the label with you, or have others search for the label and get it to the facility. Most pesticide poisonings are due to overexposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Investigation indicates these are the result of misuse, disregard for safety precautions, and lack of proper hygiene during mixing and application. Ninety percent of occupational exposure is through the hands. Use neoprene or butyl rubber gloves. Rubber boots prevent acute exposure from spills and chronic exposure from accumulation of residues in materials of boots and shoes. STATE-DESIGNATED POISON CENTERS Dialing 1-800-222-1222 reaches the poison control center for the state from which the call is made. ALABAMA Alabama Poison Center 2503 Phoenix Drive Tuscaloosa, AL 35405 800-222-1222 800-292-6678 NORTH CAROLINA Carolinas Poison Center Carolinas Medical Center PO Box 32861 Charlotte, NC 28232 800-222-1222 800-848-6946 ARKANSAS Poison and Drug Information Center Univ. of Ark. for Medical Sciences 4301 West Markham 3 Slot 522 Little Rock, AR 72205 800-222-1222 800-376-4766 SOUTH CAROLINA Palmetto Poison Center College of Pharmacy University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 800-222-1222 GEORGIA Georgia Poison Center Education Dept 80 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, SE Atlanta, GA 30303 800-222-1222 404-616-9287 (for the deaf) 404-616-9000 (business) TENNESSEE Tennessee Poison Center 1313 21 st Avenue South Nashville, TN 37232-4632 800-222-1222 2010 Integrated Orchard Management Guide for Commercial Apples in the Southeast Table of Contents Pest and Orchard Management Program.........................................................2 Tree Row Volume: A Model for Determining Spray Volume......................30 IPM Practices for Selected Pests...................................................................32 Pesticide Resistance Management ................................................................37 Effect of pH on Pesticide Activity................................................................39 Orchard Floor Management..........................................................................40 Apple Pollination, Honey Bees, and Pesticides ............................................42 Soil and Plant Analysis Guidelines for Southeastern Apple Production.......43 Fertility Management Recommendations for Apples....................................44 Relative Effectiveness of Fungicides............................................................45 Relative Effectiveness of Insecticides and Miticides....................................48 Toxicity of Pesticides to Beneficial Arthropods ...........................................50 Weed Response to Preemergence Herbicides...............................................51 Weed Response to Postemergence Herbicides..............................................52 Fungicides and Bactericides..........................................................................54 Insecticides and Miticides.............................................................................57 Herbicides.....................................................................................................63 Growth-Regulating Chemicals......................................................................67 Vertebrate Management................................................................................74 Pesticide Safety.............................................................................................80 EPA Registration Numbers of Various Materials.........................................81 Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of chemical products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local Extension Agent. Senior Editor: Jim Walgenbach, Extension Entomologist, N.C. State University Section Editors: Insect Management Jim Walgenbach Cultural/Growth Regulators Steve McArtney Disease Management Turner Sutton Vertebrate Management Dave Lockwood Weed Management Wayne Mitchem Soils and Nutrition Ron Gehl Contributors Alabama South Carolina Bobby Boozer Ed Sikora Horticulture Plant Pathology Bob Bellinger Mike Hood Desmond Layne Guido Schnabel Safety Apiculture Horticulture Plant Pathology Arkansas Tennessee Donn Johnson Curt Rom Elena Garcia Entomology Horticulture Horticulture Steve Bost Edward Burgess Frank Hale Dave Lockwood John Skinner Plant Pathology Safety Entomology Horticulture Apiculture Georgia North Carolina Phillip Brannen Keith Delaplane Paul Gulliebeau Dan Horton Harold Scherm Plant Pathology Apiculture Safety Entomology Plant Pathology Ron Gehl Steve McArtney Wayne Mitchem Mike Parker Turner Sutton David Tarpy Steve Toth Jim Walgenbach Soil Science Horticulture Horticulture Horticulture Plant Pathology Apiculture Safety Entomology 2 Pest and Orchard Management Program DORMANT Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Cultural Management Control tree density, size, and shape for better light and spray penetration. Conduct annual dormant pruning in central leader trees and appropriate high- density orchards. ***** The younger the trees, the closer to bud break they should be pruned. Prune older and bearing trees first; prune 1- to 2-year-old nonbearing trees during the month before dormant bud break. Provide proper nutrition for moderate tree growth and good fruit quality. Collect soil samples; establish and maintain a good lime and fertility program. Apply late winter fertilizer to young, nonbearing trees, and half rate to mature, bearing trees. ***** See Fertility Management section (page 44) for complete sampling, fertilizer rates, and application methods. Apply full rate to young, nonbearing trees to promote good tree growth. Increase lateral bud break and lateral shoot development on last year 9s leader growth to encourage scaffold limb development. Bag last year 9s leader growth 3 to 4 weeks before anticipated dormant bud break. ***** See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 67) for details. Plant Growth Regulators Control water sprout regrowth near pruning cuts and on tops of large scaffold limbs exposed to light by heavy dormant pruning. Tre-Hold A-112 See comments. Use 10,000 ppm (10 oz/gal) as a csponge- on d application. 12 0 See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 67) for complete recommendation details. The need for this practice depends on heaviness of pruning, size of cuts, and potential growth vigor. Effectiveness depends on COMPLETE coverage. Control burr knot formation. Gallex ** Paint directly from can, full strength, on burr knots. See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 67) for recommendation details. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row volum e of 400 gal/acre. 3 Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Disease Management Reduce inoculum of apple scab fungus. Shred leaves with flail mower. ***** May also help reduce inoculum of fungi that cause Brooks spot, Alternaria blotch, and Glomerella leaf spot. Reduce inoculum of black, white, and bitter rot fungi. Prune out dead wood and mummied fruit. ***** Pruning is extremely important to reduce the likelihood of these diseases. Don = t stockpile prunings near orchard. Remove and burn, or chip with a flail mower. Reduce inoculum of fire blight bacteria. Prune out cankers and old fire blight strikes. **** Will also reduce inoculum of black rot, white rot, and bitter rot. Reduce inoculum of powdery mildew fungus. Prune out silver-colored terminals. *** Particularly useful on young trees of a susceptible cultivar. Improve control of cedar apple and quince rusts. Scout orchard, adjacent woods, or borders for red cedar, and remove. ***** Complete removal of red cedar in areas where cedars are not common may eliminate need for fungicide sprays for these diseases. Create good conditions for drying fruit and foliage; improve spray penetration. Prune to open trees. ***** Pruning is extremely important for good disease control inside the canopy and in the tops of large trees. Weed Management Control seedling perennials and winter annuals. Apply glyphosate or glyphosate + 2,4-D amine or paraquat to control emerged winter annuals. ***** +++++ See product label. See product label. Apply nonselective postemergence herbicide alone (mid March). When control from this breaks and summer weeds are 2-3 inches tall, apply a nonselective postemergence herbicide with a preemergence herbicide. This will likely be in early May, but may vary from year to year. Delaying PRE herbicide application results in residual control later in the summer. Reduce dandelions. 2,4-D amine ++++ 1 qt 1.0 lb 48 60 Apply at least 2 weeks before bloom to control flowering weeds. Reduces competition with apple blossoms to enhance bee pollination. Control of flowering weeds will also help control tarnished plant bug. 4 SILVER TIP Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Disease Management Control fire blight. Bactericides copper hydroxide copper oxychloride sulfate Bordeaux ++++ ++++ ++++ See label. See label. See label. See label. See label. See label. This treatment will help control fire blight in blocks of trees of a susceptible cultivar where fire blight has been a problem. It will not eliminate need for streptomycin. Applications later than 0.25- to 0.5-inch green tip may result in injury. Most effective if applied dilute. Control black rot. Fungicides Captan 50W or 4L or 80W or 80WDG ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ 4 4 4 lb 2 qt 2.5 lb 2.5 lb 96 96 24 24 0 0 0 0 An important spray for black rot control in Georgia. Warning: Captan will cause injury when used with or too close to oil applications. Fungicides Ridomil Gold EC or WSP ++++ See label. 12 1 Aliette 80WDG or 80 WSP ++++ ] to 1½ lb 2 to 5 lb 12 14 Ridomil and Aliette applications are recommended on cultivars propagated on susceptible rootstocks planted in heavy or poorly drained soils. Apply Ridomil in the spring before growth starts, and repeat application after harvest. Apply 3 to 5 applications of Aliette a year. Make first application of Aliette after leaf emergence. Note: Ridomil and Aliette must be applied on a preventive basis. Treatment of trees exhibiting symptoms will not prevent further symptom development. Control crown rot (collar rot). Phosphite fungicides ++++ See label. Phosphite fungicides (i.e. Prophyt, Agri-Fos, and others) are registered for crown rot control and have activity similar to Aliette. See labels for use instructions and precautions. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 5 GREEN TIP TO ½-INCH GREEN Rate Per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Disease Management Fungicides Syllit FL +++++ 1.5 to 3 pt 48 7 Vangard 75WG +++++ 1.25 oz 5 oz 12 72 Vangard 75WG + mancozeb 80WP or 75DF or F4 or + Polyram 80DF +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ¾ oz ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 3 oz 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 12 24 24 24 24 72 77 77 77 77 Vangard tends to be most active at cool temperatures. Scala SC +++++ 1.75 to 2.5 oz 7 to 10 oz 12 72 Scala SC + mancozeb 80WP or 75DF or F4 or + Polyram 80DF +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 1.25 oz ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 5 oz 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 12 24 24 24 24 72 77 77 77 77 Scala SC is not compatible with captan. Sovran 50WG +++++ 1 to 1.6 oz 4 to 6.4 oz 12 30 Flint 50WG +++++ 4 2 to 2.5 oz 12 14 Control scab. See discussion in Fungicides and Bactericides (page 54) for information on postinfection control program. Pristine 38W +++++ 4 14.5 to 18.5 oz 12 0 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 6 GREEN TIP TO ½-INCH GREEN (continued) Rate Per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments fenarimol 1E + captan 50WP or 80W or 80WDG or + mancozeb 80WP or 75DF or F4 or + Polyram 80DF +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 3 to 4 oz ¾ lb 0.47 lb 0.47 lb ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 8 to 12 oz 3 lb 1.88 lb 1.88 lb 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 96 24 24 24 24 24 24 30 0 0 77 77 77 77 myclobutanil 40W + captan 50W or 80W or 80WDG or + mancozeb 80W or 75DF or F4 or + Polyram 80DF +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 1¼ to 2 oz ¾ lb 0.47 lb 0.47 lb ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 5 to 10 oz 3 lb 1.88 lb 1.88 lb 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 96 24 24 24 24 24 24 14 0 0 77 77 77 77 Control scab (continued). Procure 50WS + captan 50W 80W or 80WDG or + mancozeb 80W or 75DF or F4 or + Polyram 80W +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 1 to 2 oz ¾ lb 0.47 lb 0.47 lb ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 4 to 8 oz 3 lb 1.88 lb 1.88 lb 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 96 24 24 24 24 24 24 14 0 0 77 77 77 77 Do not use captan within 2 weeks of an oil spray. Although resistance of the apple scab fungus to the EBI fungicides has not been confirmed, some growers have experienced problems in the Southeast in controlling scab when using these fungicides. Growers who have had this problem should use a program that begins with two sprays of Syllit, Vangard, or Scala, followed by two sprays of Flint or Sovran. The fifth spray, which should occur around petal fall, can include an EBI fungicide, but it needs to be combined with a full rate of captan or captan + mancozeb or metiram to ensure scab control. An EBI fungicide at this time will help control powdery mildew, especially on mildew-susceptible varieties, and cedar apple and quince rust if captan is used alone. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 7 Rate Per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Control scab (continued). Indar 75WSP + captan 50W 80W or 80WDG or + mancozeb 80W or 75DF or F4 or + Polyram 80W +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 0.67 oz ¾ lb 0.47 lb 0.47 lb ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 2.67 oz 3 lb 1.88 lb 1.88 lb 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 96 24 24 24 24 24 24 14 14 14 77 77 77 77 Tebuzole 45DF + captan 50W 80W or 80WDG or + mancozeb 80W or 75DF or F4 or + Polyram 80W +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 1 to 2 oz ¾ lb 0.47 lb 0.47 lb ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 2 to 8 oz 3 lb 1.88 lb 1.88 lb 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 5 96 24 24 24 24 24 24 75 14 14 14 77 77 77 77 Inspire Super MP + Vangard WG +++++ 1.0 fl oz 1.0 oz 4.0 fl oz 4.0 oz 12 72 In orchards where EBI resistance is suspected Inspire Super MP + Vangard WG should always be combined with mancozeb or metiram. Adament 50W +++++ 1 to 1.25 fl oz 4 to 5 oz 5 75 Adament is a prepack combination of tebuconazole (an EBI fungicide) + trifolxystrobin (a QoI fungicide). Do not make more than 4 applications per season. 8 GREEN TIP TO ½-INCH GREEN (continued) Rate Per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Insect Management Control scales and reduce overwintering European red mite and rosy apple aphid eggs. Insecticides Oil +++++ 2 gal 8 gal 12 0 Use either a superior-type or highly refined summer oil applied dilute. If the oil application is delayed until tight cluster to pink, use a refined oil or reduce a superior type to ½ to 1 gal/100 gal. Do not use captan within 2 weeks of an oil application. Improve scale and rosy apple aphid control. Oil + Lorsban 4E or Esteem 35WP or Diazinon 50WP ++++ +++++ ++++ 2 gal ½ to 1 pt 4 1.0 lb 8 gal 2 to 4 pt 4 to 5 oz 4 lb 12 96 12 96 0 DD 45 21 An insecticide with oil may be added at this time in orchards experiencing problems with scales or climbing cutworms. This option is recommended in orchards that experienced scale problems the previous year. Initiate Oriental Fruit Moth (OFM) monitoring program. Erect pheromone traps ***** Erect pheromone traps by green tip to detect first emergence. See section on IPM Practices for Selected Pests (page 32) for monitoring information. Mating disruption for OFM and codling moth. Pheromones Isomate CM/OFM TT CheckMate CM/OFM +++++ ++++ Now is the time to begin erecting pheromone dispensers for mating disruption. Combination dispensers that contain both OFM and codling moth pheromone are recommended. Hanging of dispensers in trees should be complete by petal fall. See section on cMating Disruption d in IPM Practices for Selected Pests (page 34). 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 9 TIGHT CLUSTER TO PINK Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Disease Management Control scab. Fungicides : Same as used in green-tip spray. If two sprays of Sovran, Pristine, or Flint were used, switch to a nonstrobilurin fungicide. Syllit, Scala, and Vangard are most effectively used in the first two sprays of the season. Control powdery mildew. Fungicides myclobutanil 40W fenarimol EC Procure 50WS Indar 75WSP Tebuzole 45 DF +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 1¼ to 2 oz 3 to 4 oz 1 to 2 oz 0.67 oz 1 to 2 oz 5 to 10 oz 8 to 12 oz 4 to 8 oz 2.67 oz 2 to 8 oz 24 12 12 12 5 14 30 14 14 75 These are the most important sprays for the control of powdery mildew. Control cedar apple rust and quince rust. Fungicides Same as used for powdery mildew, or: mancozeb 80W or 75DF or F4 Polyram 80W +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 24 24 24 24 77 77 77 77 Control black rot and frogeye leafspot. Captan 50W or 4L or 80 W or 80WDG ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ 1½ to 2 lb ¾ to 1 qt 0.94 to 1.26 lb 0.94 to 1.26 lb 6 to 8 lb 3 to 4 qt 3.77 to 5 lb 3.77 to 5 lb 96 96 24 24 0 0 0 0 Captan alone will not control powdery mildew or rust diseases. Insect Management Initiate codling moth and leafroller monitoring program. Erect pheromone traps. ***** Erect traps now because moths begin to emerge near bloom. See section on IPM Practices for Selected Pests (page 32) for information on monitoring programs. 10 TIGHT CLUSTER TO PINK (continued) Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv Interval (days) Comments Control rosy apple aphid. Insecticides Actara 25WDG Assail 30SG Calypso 4F Thionex 50WP Diazinon 50W Danitol 2.4EC +++++ +++++ +++++ +++ +++ ++++ 4 4 4 T qt 1 lb 2.6 to 4.3 oz 4.5 oz 2.5 to 4 oz 2 to 4 oz 2 T qt 4 lb 10.6 to 21.3 oz 12 12 12 24 24 24 35 7 30 21 21 14 Pink stage is the best time to control rosy apple aphid. Caution: Rosy apple aphid resistance to Thiodan, Diazinon, and Danitol has been observed in some orchards. See Rosy Apple Aphid resistance section (page 38). Assail may be used during bloom if sprays are applied before or after bees are in the orchard. Assail residues on leaves or flowers are not toxic to bees, but avoid spraying when bees are in the orchard. Control plant bugs and spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM). Maintain clean ground- cover. Insecticides listed for rosy apple aphid will aid in plant bug and leafminer control if plant bugs are readily seen. ***** In many instances, a clean groundcover eliminates the need for insecticides to control bugs. If there is a history of plant bug problems, a second application at petal fall will improve control. The need for insecticides specifically targeting STLM at this time is questionable because first generation mines rarely exceed threshold levels. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 11 BLOOM Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Cultural Management Loosen bags on leaders to acclimate for 2 to 3 days; then remove bags from leaders and spray with Promalin or Perlan. Leader bags must be removed when new lateral growth is 1 d to 3 d long. ***** See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 67) for complete details. Do leader selection and strip whorl on dormant headed tree leaders. Select new shoot for central leader and remove competing shoots from first four nodes below new leader shoot. Plant Growth Regulators Improve fruit shape and increase fruit weight of Red and Golden Delicious (can be used only on varieties that have dominant calyx ends). ( BA+GA 4 + 7 ) Promalin Perlan +++ +++ 0.5 to 1.0 pt 1 to 2 pt 12 4 None See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 67). Apply as a fine mist application at 40 to 50% of Tree Row Volume (TRV) water rate between king bloom opening and full bloom. Increase lateral bud break and lateral shoot growth on 1-year-old leader growth as a tool to encourage scaffold limb development, especially on those that were bagged before bud break. Use on nonbearing trees only. Promalin Perlan +++++ +++++ 250 to 500 ppm (1 to 2 pt)/10 gal 125 to 500 ppm (0.5 to 2 pt)/ 10 gal 12 4 None Apply to last year 9s leader growth with a handheld nozzle. See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 67). Make one application when orchard trees have 1 to 3 inches of new growth. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 12 BLOOM (continued) Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Disease Management Control scab, rusts, and mildew. Fungicides Same fungicides as recommended in tight cluster stage. Avoid sprays in full bloom if possible. Do not overextend application intervals. Control fire blight. Bactericides streptomycin 4.8 to 8 oz 1½ to 2½ lb 12 50 Begin application at first bloom and continue at 3- to 4-day intervals until petal fall. Streptomycin sprays protect only those blossoms open at time of application. It is very important to continue spraying through crat- tail d bloom, especially on susceptible varieties. See discussion under Pesticide Resistance Management section (page 38) for timing sprays according to conditions favorable for infection. Insect Management Protect pollinators. Do not apply insecticides during bloom. ***** Keep orchard floor free of flowering weeds. This will increase pollination activity in the trees and lessen bee activity after apple bloom. Disrupt mating of codling moth. Pheromones Isomate CTT Isomate CM/OFM TT CheckMate Puffer (CM/OFM) ++++ ++++ ++++ (# dispensers) 200/acre 200/acre 1/acre Do not use mating disruption in blocks of less than 5 acres. Pheromone dispensers should be hung before moths begin to emerge, with hanging completed by petal fall. Also, supplemental sprays with an insecticide will be necessary under moderate to high population densities. See section on IPM Practices for Selected Pests (page 32). 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 13 PETAL FALL Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Cultural Management Reduce fruit corking. Solubor Borosol +++ +++ 1 lb at first cover 1 pt If boron is low in leaf sample or cork spot has been a problem in past years, a second and third application may be used. Dilute applications are necessary for good uptake. See Fertility Management section (page 44). Reduce fruit corking and bitter pit. calcium nitrate or calcium chloride +++ +++ 3 lb 2 lb beginning at first cover Repeat calcium sprays in each cover spray all season. Calcium nitrate may contribute to elevated leaf nitrogen levels and vegetative growth. Do not apply calcium chloride when temperatures are above 85 ° F, and DO NOT tank mix with Solubor or Apogee. All calcium sprays should be applied dilute for maximum response, especially for bitter pit control in late season cover sprays when fruit are becoming waxy. See Fertility Management section (page 44). Plant Growth Regulators Reduce fruit russetting on susceptible cultivars (esp. Golden Delicious). ( GA 4+7 ) Pro-Vide 10SG Novagib 10L ++++ ++++ 60 - 100 g 20-26 fl oz 12 4 None At petal fall, begin the first of four applications at 7- to 10-day intervals. See Growth- Regulating Chemicals section (page 67) for complete recommendations. Thin fruit to reduce crop load and encourage return bloom. Depends on cultivar, fruit size, and thinning chemical selected. Applications timed from petal fall to about 8 mm would be applied during this time. +++++ See thinning chart on page 70. Check label for specific thinning chemical(s) to be used. See Chemical Fruit Thinning Spray and Apple Thinning recommendations chart in Growth- Regulating Chemicals section. Initiate vegetative growth control applications. Apogee ++++ Use at TRV calculated A.I./acre. 12 45 See Apogee table in Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 72). 14 PETAL FALL (continued) Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Disease Management Control scab. Scout for secondary scab. ***** If primary scab is controlled by petal fall or first cover, switch to captan. If secondary scab is detected early, dodine or an EBI fungicide can be effectively used in a postsymptom treatment. See discussion under Fungicides and Bactericides (page 54). Fungicides captan 50W or 4L or 80W or 80WDG 2 lb 1 qt 1.25 lb 1.25 lb 8 lb 4 qt 5 lb 5 lb 96 96 24 24 0 0 0 0 If an EBI fungicide is used in this spray, increase the rate of Captan 50W to 6 to 8 lb/acre or Captan 4L to 3 to 4 qt/acre and extend interval to 10-14 days, or follow combination sprays with lower rates of captan or metiram in 5-7 days with full rate of captan or combinations of captan plus mancozeb or metiram. Captan and metiram at petal fall or first cover generally give better fruit finish than mancozeb. If the first cover spray occurs after May 15, include 8 to 12 oz/acre of thiophanate- methyl 85WDG with captan for sooty blotch or flyspeck control as directed in second and later cover sprays below. Use captan in orchards where black rot is a problem. Control summer diseases (general). captan 50W or 4L or 80 W or 80 WDG + Polyram 80 W or mancozeb 80W 75 DF 4F +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 1¼ lb 0.62 qt 0.79 lb 0.79 lb ¾ lb ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt 5 lb 2½ qt 3.15 lb 3.15 lb 3 lb 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 96 96 96 96 77 77 77 77 If Captan 80W or 80WDG is used the REI is 24 hours. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 15 Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Control summer diseases (general) (continued). Sovran 50WG +++++ 1.0 to 1.6 oz 4.0 to 6.4 oz 12 30 Sovran and Flint will also control apple scab and powdery mildew. Flint 50WG +++++ 4 2.5 to 3.0 oz 12 14 Pristine 38W +++++ 4 14.5 to 18.0 oz 12 0 Control Brooks fruit spot. Fungicides Use fungicides listed for summer diseases or use fungicide combinations listed under green tip. +++++ Petal fall through third cover sprays are the most important sprays for Brooks spot control. The EBI fungicides have very little Brooks spot activity. If one of them is used, combine it with a full rate of protectant. Control powdery mildew and cedar apple rust. Fungicides See tight cluster to pink spray. If captan alone is used in these sprays, a fungicide with activity on powdery mildew or cedar apple rust should be included in this spray. Insect Management Preventively control European red mite, spotted tentiform leafminer, and white apple leafhopper. Insecticides Agri-Mek 0.15EC + oil +++++ 2.5 oz 10 oz 12 28 An application of Agri-Mek at petal fall should provide season-long suppression of these pests. A paraffinic spray oil (0.25% or 1 gal/acre) must be tank mixed to ensure Agri-Mek 9s activity. Do not use captan 2 weeks before or after applying oil with Agri-Mek. Preventive control of European red mite. Apollo SC Savey 50WP Zeal 72WDG Portal 0.4EC Envidor 2SC ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 4 4 4 4 4 4 oz 3 oz 2 to 3 oz 1 to 2 pt 16 to 18 oz 12 12 12 12 12 45 28 28 14 7 Apply these products between petal fall and third cover or when mites reach one adult per leaf. Portal will also control leafhoppers. See page 38 for resistance management of European red mite. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 16 PETAL FALL (continued) Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Control plum curculio. Insecticides Guthion 50WP Imidan 70WP Avaunt 30WG Actara 25SDG Calypso 4F Clutch 50WDG Sevin 50WP +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++ +++ ½ lb ¾ lb 4 4 4 4 ½ lb 2 lb 3 lb 5 to 6 oz 4.5 to 5.5 oz 4 to 8 oz 3 oz 1 lb 48h, 14d 24 12 12 12 12 12 21 7 28 35 30 14 3 Adults begin to enter orchards near bloom, with the majority of adults present by petal fall. An insecticide applied at petal fall is essential to minimize damage. Cool weather during this period may extend adult activity, which may require a second application 10 days later. Read about re-entry intervals for Guthion in the Insecticides and Miticides section (page 57). Control Oriental fruit moth. Insecticides Guthion 50WP Imidan 70WP Avaunt 30WG Sevin 50WP Assail 30SG Calypso 4F Clutch 50WDG +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ ½ lb ¾ lb 4 ½ lb 4 4 4 2 lb 3 lb 5 to 6 oz 2 lb 5 to 8 oz 4 to 8 oz 3 oz 48h, 14d 24 12 12 12 12 12 21 7 28 3 7 30 14 Oriental fruit moth has become more important in apples in recent years. An insecticide applied between 500 and 600 degree days (DD) after biofix will control the first generation. Read about re-entry intervals for Guthion in Insecticides and Miticides Section (page 57). Control San Jose scale. Insecticides Diazinon 50WP Guthion 50WP Esteem 0.86EC Centaur 70WP Movento 2SC Assail 30SG summer oil +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++ +++ 1 lb ½ lb 4 4 4 4 4 4 lb 2 lb 4 oz 34.5 oz 6-9 oz 8 oz 1 to 2% 96 48h, 14d 12 12 24 12 12 21 21 45 14 7 7 0 Where scales have been a problem the previous year, apply an insecticide for first generation crawlers, which are active from petal fall through third cover. Yellow crawlers can be detected by wrapping double-stick tape around infested limbs after bloom and inspecting weekly. Caution: Diazinon or oil applied with captan or Captec may cause phytotoxicity. Control rosy apple aphid. Insecticides Provado 1.6F Actara 25WP Assail 30SG Calypso 4F Movento 2SC +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ 2 oz 4 4 4 4 4 to 8 oz 4.5 oz 2.5 to 4.0 oz 2 to 4 oz 6 to 9 oz 12 12 12 12 24 7 35 7 30 7 If an insecticide was not applied for rosy apple aphid at pink, or if control was poor, an insecticide should be applied. An adjuvant must be applied with Movento. See section on Rosy Apple Aphid resistance section (page 38). 17 Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Control white apple leafhopper. Insecticides Sevin 50WP Actara 25WDG Assail 30SG Calypso 4F Provado 1.6F Avaunt 30WG +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ½ lb 4 4 4 1 oz 4 2 lb 2 to 2¾ oz 2.5 to 4.0 oz 2 to 4 oz 4 oz 5 to 6 oz 12 12 12 12 12 12 1 35 7 30 7 28 Threshold level for first generation white apple leafhopper is 1 nymph per leaf. Thinning apples with Sevin during this time controls leafhoppers. Leafhoppers may be present from petal fall to second cover spray. Control spotted tentiform leafminer. Insecticides Actara 25WDG Delegate WG Provado 1.6F Assail 30SG ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ 4 4 1 to 2 oz 4 4.5 oz 4.5 oz 4 to 8 oz 1.1 oz 12 4 12 12 35 7 7 7 Threshold level for first generation leafminer is one mine per leaf, but rarely do populations reach this level this early in the season. Control green fruitworm. Insecticides See insecticides for codling moth or tufted apple bud moth control. Green fruitworms are not a common pest: Apply an insecticide at petal fall if larvae are observed. Weed Management Control weeds. Check orchards for weed populations. ***** Identify weed problems so herbicide program can be adjusted for summer weed control. Apply PRE + Nonselective POST herbicide. See herbicide guide. ***** See product labels. See product labels. Apply when summer weeds are 2 to 3 inches tall. Delaying application of preemergence herbicides until early May extends summer weed control. Suppress clover bloom to protect bees from insecticide sprays. 2,4-D ***** 1 qt 48 60 Apply 2,4-D 7 to 10 days before spraying insecticides to suppress clover and avoid killing bees. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 18 FIRST COVER Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Disease Management (Same fungicides as used in Petal Fall Spray) Insect Management Control codling moth. Monitor codling moth adult activity. Insecticides Delegate 25WP Altacor 35WDG Voliam Flexi Belt 4SC Guthion 50WP Imidan 50WP Intrepid 2F Rimon 0.83EC Assail 30SG Calypso 4F CYD-X ***** +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ 4 4 4 4 ½ lb ¾ lb 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 to 7 oz 2.5 to 4.5 oz 4 to 7 oz 3 to 5 fl oz 2 lb 3 lb 10 to 16 oz 20 to 40 oz 4 to 8 oz 4 to 8 oz 1 to 3 oz 4 4 12 12 48h, 14d 24 4 12 12 12 4 7 14 35 14 21 7 14 14 7 30 0 See IPM Practices for codling moth (page 32) to determine how to minimize insecticide applications for codling moth control. Most insecticides generally provide 2 weeks = control, so do not be concerned if pheromone trap counts remain high 1 week after spraying. If using Intrepid or Rimon (which are excellent ovicides) for first generaton codling moth, 2 applications at 14-day intervals should be made, the first at 100-200 DD. CYD-X is a virus that controls only codling moth. Frequent applications (7-10 days) at low rates (1 to 2 oz per acre) have worked well in field trials. Codling moth insecticide-resistant populations exist in some orchards and can affect the performance of certain products. Control rosy apple aphid, plum curculio, white apple leafhopper, spotted tentiform leafminer, and San Jose scale. Monitor orchards for these insects. Insecticides (See Petal Fall section, page 13) ***** Infestations of these insects may occur anytime from petal fall to the second cover spray. Early detection is important for effective control. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 19 SECOND COVER AND LATER SPRAYS Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Cultural Management Reduce fruit corking and bitter pit. calcium nitrate calcium chloride +++ +++ 3 lb 2 lb See information listed in Petal Fall to First Cover sections (pages 13 through 18) and Fertility Management section (page 44). Apply second half of fertilizer to mature, bearing trees if crop load is present, as soon as frost/freeze danger is past (approx. second cover). ++++ See Fertility Management Recommendations section (page 44) for fertilizer use suggestions and complete recommendations. Provide proper nutrition for moderate tree growth and good fruit quality. Collect leaf samples in July to mid-August for leaf analysis. +++++ See Fertility Management Recommendations section (page 44) for complete details. Select lateral limbs, strip whorls, establish wide crotch angles with toothpicks or clothespins, and prop limbs to good limb angles (60-90 ° for central leader trees and 75-85° below vertical for high density, slender, spindle-type trees). ++++ Tree training is mandatory to develop proper lateral branching and limb position. Achieve proper tree training, and control tree size and density for good light and spray penetration. Do detailed young tree management (deshoot, position limbs, tie up leader growth) every 6 to 8 weeks until full tree size and bearing are achieved (especially for high density orchards). ++++ Summer pruning is a necessary extension of tree training begun earlier. Summer pruning helps contain tree size and density, and proper limb selection and positioning encourage flower initiation. Remove water sprouts. ++++ Do leader manipulation, such as summer bending or snaking, every 18 inches of terminal growth extension. ++ Removing upright water sprout growth reduces tree density, allowing greater spray penetration and better light distribution for fruit quality and color development. Summer pruning and removal of water sprouts also help control sooty blotch and flyspeck. 20 SECOND COVER AND LATER SPRAYS (continued) Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness(+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Plant Growth Regulators Thin to reduce crop load and encourage return bloom. Depends on cultivar, fruit size, and thinning chemical selected. Application time from approximately 9 mm and larger would be applied from second cover on. +++++ See thinning chart on page 70. See Chemical Fruit Thinning Sprays (page 68) and Apple Thinning Recommendations chart (page 70) in Growth-Regulating Chemicals section. Enhance return bloom. Fruitone L Ethrel +++ +++ 2 oz 16-72 fl oz 48 96 Research studies in the Southeast have found that NAA or Ethrel treatments can improve return bloom. Ethrel rate depends on many factors including cultivar and crop load. Refer to table on page 69. Control ground suckers around base of trunk. Tre-Hold A-112 Sprout Inhibitor - Also use herbicides approved for sucker control. See notes in Herbicide section (page 63) for Rely, Gramoxone. ++++ Use 10,000 ppm (10 oz/1 gal) as a low- pressure, large-droplet handgun application. 12 0 See Sucker Control (page 72) for specific recommendation details. Delay preharvest fruit drop and delay fruit maturity. ReTain +++++ 2 oz One 333- gram pouch per acre (50 g a.i.) 12 7 Single Pick Harvest . Applying one pouch of ReTain per acre 4 weeks prior to the anticipated beginning of the normal harvest period of untreated fruit for the current season will delay the harvest period by 7-10 days. Multiple Pick Harvest . Applying one pouch of ReTain per acre 1 to 2 weeks prior to the anticipated beginning of the normal harvest period of untreated fruit for the current season will improve quality and storage potential of later picked apples (2 nd and 3 rd pick fruit). Applications at this time will not typically delay the start of the harvest, but will help control the maturation rate of the later harvests. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 21 Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Delay or reduce preharvest fruit drop or both. Preload NAA (Fruitone-L) ++++ 2 oz 48 4 Apply multiple applications of 5 ppm each week for the 4-week period prior to the normal start of the harvest period for each variety. NAA (Fruitone L) + 4 to 8 oz 48 4 Temporarily suppress any fruit drop by applying 10 to 20 ppm (depending on variety) of NAA. A second application can be applied 7 to 10 days later. See Growth- Regulating Chemicals section (page 67) for details. Reduce fruit russetting in susceptible varieties. Pro-Vide 10SG Novagib 10L (continue applications started at petal fall) ++++ ++++ 60-100 g 20 oz per acre/appl 12 4 0 See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 67) for recommendation details. Pro-Vide 10SG +++ 100-200 g 12 0 Reduce fruit cracking of susceptible varieties (e.g., Stayman). Novagib 10L +++ 2 to 4 pt per acre/appl 4 Begin applications in early to mid June or as soon as cracking is observed. Repeat at 3-week intervals until harvest. See Growth- Regulating Chemicals section (page 67) for details. Promote lateral branching of current season = s growth. Promalin +++ 0.8 oz/gal of water (125 ppm) 12 None See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 67) for recommendation details. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 22 SECOND COVER AND LATER SPRAYS (continued) Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Disease Management Scout orchard. Prune out fire blight strikes. ***** ***** Fungicides captan 50W or 4L or 80W or 80WDG +++++ +++++ 2 lb 1 qt 1.25 lb 1.25 lb 8 lb 4 qt 5 lb 5 lb 96 96 24 24 0 0 0 0 Control summer diseases (white rot, bitter rot, black rot, sooty blotch, flyspeck, black pox). ziram 76DF or 76WDG ++++ 2 lb 8 lb 48 14 Apply cover sprays at 10- to 14-day intervals. Use a 10-day interval during wet, rainy periods. If thiophanate-methyl is not used in cover sprays, it is important to combine captan with sufficient ziram to increase fungicide rate to 8 to 10 lb/acre in order to control sooty blotch and flyspeck. Be sure to observe 77-day preharvest interval when using metiram or mancozeb. When using a combination of captan and ziram, use approximately equal rates of each. Use captan where there is a history of white rot. Sovran 50WG +++++ 1.0 to 1.6 oz 4.0 to 6.4 oz 12 30 A maximum of four applications and 25.6 oz of Sovran 50WG can be used per acre per season. It is weak on black pox. Flint 50WG +++++ 4 2.5 to 3.0 oz 12 14 A maximum of four applications and 11 oz of Flint 50WG can be used per acre per season. It is weak on black pox. Pristine 38W +++++ 4 14.5 to 18.0 oz 12 0 captan 50W or 4L or 80W or 80 WDG + thiophanate-methyl 85WDG +++++ 2 lb 1 qt 1.25 lb 1.25 lb 2 to 4 oz 8 lb 4 qt 5 lb 5 lb 8 to 16 oz 96 96 24 24 96 0 0 0 0 1 A maximum of four applications and 72 oz of Pristine can be used per acre per season. Pristine has activity on strains of the Alternaria blotch fungus that are resistant to Sovran and Flint. It is weak on black pox. If Captan 80W or 80WDG is used then the REI is 48 hours for this and other combinations below. ziram 76DF or 76WDG + thiophanate-methyl 85WDG +++++ 2 lb 2 to 3 oz 8 lb 8 to 12 oz 48 14 23 Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Control summer diseases (continued). captan 50W or 4L or 80W or 80 WDG + metiram 80DF or mancozeb 75DF +++++ 1.25 lb 1 pt 0.79 lb 0.79 lb ¾ lb ¾ lb 5 lb 2.5 qt 3.15 lb 3.15 lb 3 lb 3 lb 77 77 Metiram and mancozeb cannot be used within 77 days of harvest. captan 50 W or 4 L or 50W or 50WDG + ziram 76DF, 76WDG + thiophanate-methyl 85WDG +++++ 1 lb ½ qt 0.63 lb 0.63 lb 1 lb 2 to 4 oz 4 lb 1 qt 2.52 lb 2.52 lb 4 lb 8 to 16 oz 96 14 captan 50 W or 4 L or 80W or 80WDG + ProPhyt +++++ 2 lb 1 qt 1 ¼ lb 1 ¼ lb ½ to ¾ qt 8 lb 4 lb 5 lb 5 lb 2 to 3 qt 96 0 This is the best combination for control of Glomerella leaf spot. Make first spray around June 15 th or when first leaf spot symptoms appear and continue spraying every 10-14 days until harvest. Use high rate of Prophyt where Glomerella leaf spot is a problem. The REI is 24 hours if Captan 80W or 80WDG is used. Suppress necrotic leaf blotch on Golden Delicious. ziram 76W or WDG zinc oxide 39.8% +++++ +++++ 1 to 2 lb 4 to 8 lb 1 pt 48 0 14 0 Sprays from mid June through early August are most important. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 24 SECOND COVER AND LATER SPRAYS (continued) Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. interval (days) Comments Control powdery mildew. Scout orchard. ***** Determine need for additional fungicides based on the number of infections on newly unfolded leaves. Control Alternaria blotch. Pristine 38W +++++ 14.5 to 18.5 oz 12 0 Make first application of Pristine around third or fourth cover (mid June). Apply two additional applications at 10- to 14-day intervals. These applications will also control other summer diseases on Delicious. Use in conjunction with a preventive mite management program. Do not make more than 4 applications or apply more than 72 oz of Pristine per season. Insect Management Monitor pheromone traps weekly for adult activity. ***** Insecticides : (See First Cover.) ***** Control codling moth and Oriental fruit moth. OFM Mating Disruption Isomate-M100 CheckMate OFM-F +++++ +++++ 100 0.3 to 2.5 oz See IPM practices for codling moth (page 32) and Oriental fruit moth (page 33) to determine the need for and timing of insecticide sprays. Keep trap bottoms clean, and replace lures monthly. If a combination codling moth/Oriental fruit moth mating disruption product is not used, OFM populations often increase later in the season (August and September). Isomate- M100 applied in June or sprays of CheckMate OFM-F in July and/or August will usually control late-season populations. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 25 Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Control tufted apple bud moth. Monitor pheromone traps weekly for adult activity. Thin fruit to avoid excessive clustering. ***** **** See IPM Practices for tufted apple bud moth (page 34) to determine the proper timing of insecticide applications. Clustering of fruit is conducive to higher levels of tufted apple bud moth injury. Insecticides Intrepid Delegate 25WG Altacor 35WDG Voliam Flexi Belt 4SCV Danitol 2.4EC Avaunt 30WDG +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 to 12 oz 4.5 to 7 oz 2.5 to 4.5 oz 4 to 7 oz 3 to 5 fl oz 10.6 to 21.3 oz 5 to 6 oz 4 4 4 12 12 24 12 14 7 14 35 14 14 28 See Insecticide Resistance Management section (page 37) for tufted apple bud moth (TABM). Insecticide sprays for TABM are recommended only in orchards with a history of damage. See section on IPM practices for TABM (page 34) to properly time sprays. Bacillus thuringiensis Dipel 2X CryMax XenTari +++ ¼ to ½ lb ¼ to ½ lb ¼ to ½ lb 1 to 2 lb 1 to 2 lb 1 to 2 lb 4 4 4 0 0 0 For best results apply Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) products at no less than 2X concentration. If using Bt s, it is important to monitor codling moth with pheromone traps because Bt s do not control CM. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 26 SECOND COVER AND LATER SPRAYS (continued) Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Control apple maggot. Erect red sticky spheres in early June to monitor adults. **** Erect sticky traps baited with fruit essence lures on outside rows nearest abandoned orchards or other sources of flies. Check weekly. Threshold level is a cumulative of 5 flies per trap. If the threshold is exceeded again 2 weeks after spraying, apply again. Adults can emerge from June through September. Historically, peak emergence generally occurs from mid July to early August. Insecticides Guthion 50WP Imidan 70WP Assail 30SG Calypso 4F Clutch 50WDG Provado Surround WP +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ ½ lb ¾ lb 4 4 4 4 4 2 lb 3 lb 8 oz 4 to 8 oz 6 to 8 oz 6 to 8 oz 20 to 50 lb 48h, 14d 24 12 12 12 12 4 21 7 7 30 14 7 C Apply insecticides at 10- to 14-day intervals during apple maggot flight. Apply Surround at 7- to 14-day intervals, or after a heavy rain, because thorough, uniform, and consistent coverage is important. Rate of Surround will vary with tree size. Control white apple leafhopper or potato leafhopper. Insecticides Provado 1.6F Actara 25WDG Assail 30SG Calypso 4F Avaunt 30WG Clutch 50WDG Centaur 70WP +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 1 oz 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 oz 2 to 2¾ oz 2.5 to 4.0 oz 2 to 4 oz 5 to 6 oz 2 oz 34.5 oz 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 7 14 7 30 28 14 14 Threshold level for second brood nymphs (which occur in late July to early August) is one nymph per leaf. Treatment will eliminate the need to treat for adults immediately before harvest. Generally, low rates of insecticides will control leafhoppers. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 27 Rate per 2 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre Re-entry interval (hours) Preharv. interval (days) Comments Control spotted tentiform leafminer. Insecticides Lannate 90SP Delegate WG Vydate 2L Provado 1.6F Actara 25WDG Assail 30SG Calypso 4F Clutch 50WDG ++++ +++++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ¼ lb 4 1 to 2 pt 2 oz 4 4 4 4 1 lb 4.5 to 7 oz 4 to 8 pt 8 oz 4.5 oz 2.5 oz 2 to 4 oz 3 oz 72 4 48 12 12 12 12 12 14 7 14 7 14 7 28 14 A threshold level of two mines per leaf for second generation larvae (June to July) should be used to dictate the need for STLM control. Control of third generation larvae (August) may be necessary on late- maturing cultivars if populations exceed 4 mines per leaf. Many orchards have high levels of parasites by this time. Insecticides are more effective against sap-feeding mines than tissue feeders. Control green apple and spirea aphids. Insecticides Provado 1.6F Actara 25WDG Assail 30SG Calypso 4F Clutch 50WD +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 1 to 2 oz 4 4 4 4 4 to 8 oz 4.5 oz 2.5 to 4.0 oz 2 to 4 oz 2 oz 12 12 12 12 12 7 35 7 28 14 Threshold level for green apple aphid is 50% infested terminals. Control is most important on young trees and in dwarf plantings. On mature trees, a higher threshold is tolerable. Control Comstock mealybug. Insecticides Diazinon 50WP Actara 25WDG Assail 30SG Movento 2SC +++++ +++ +++++ +++ 1 lb 4 4 4 4 lb 4.5 oz 4 to 8 oz 6 to 9 fl oz 96 12 12 24 21 35 7 7 Applications should be made near the second or third cover spray. Comstock mealybug is an unpredictable pest, and orchards with a history of problems are most susceptible. Control woolly apple aphid Insecticide

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