2008 Integrated Orchard Management Guide for Commercial Apples in the

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2008 Integrated Orchard Management Guide for Commercial Apples in the Southeast Alabama Cooperative Extension System Auburn University University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service University of Arkansas Clemson Cooperative Extension Service Clemson University University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service University of Georgia North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service North Carolina State University University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service University of Tennessee Poison Control Centers and Emergency Facilities PESTICIDE POISONING 3 Symptoms of pesticide poisoning may include headach e, blurred vision, weakne ss, nausea, cra mps, diarrh ea, and che st discomfo rt. If any of these symptoms occur during or after mixing or applying pesticides or if an unintended unprotected exposure such as a spill occurs, stop work at once and take appropriate action. If pesticide is spilled on the skin, immediately wash the area thoroughly with large amounts of soap and water.

If pesticide is in the eye, flush the eye for 15 minutes in running water. If pesticide is inhaled, move to open, clean air. If pesticide is ingested, rinse out the mouth.

Follow all label first aid directions. Give CPR if indicated. Get help.

Contact your physician or poison control center (listed below or on WP S safety poster). ... more. less.

Transp ort the victim to th e closest medical care facility. Take the pesticide container or the label with you, or have others search for the label an d get it to the facility. Most pesticide poisonings are due to overexposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Investigation indicates these are the result of misuse, disregard for safety precautions, and lack of proper hygiene during mixing and application. Ninety percent of occupational exposure is through the hands. Use neoprene or butyl rubber gloves. Rubber boots pre vent acute exposure from spills and chronic expo sure from accumulation of residues in materials of boots and shoes. STATE-DESIGNATED POISON CENTERS ALABAMA NORTH CAROLINA Regional Poison Control Center 800-292-6678 Carolinas Poison Center 800-848-6946 (in NC) The Children 9s Hospital of Alabama 205-933-4050 (business) Carolinas Medical Center 800-222-1222 (nationally) 1600 7 th Ave South 1000 Blythe Blvd 704-355-4000 (business) Birmingham, AL 35233-1711 Charlotte, NC 28232-2861 ARKANSAS SOUTH CAROLINA Poison and Drug Information Center 800-482-8948 Palmetto Regional Poison Control Center 800-922-1117 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy 803-777-1117 (local) 4301 West Markham-Slot 522 University of South Carolina 803-777-7909 (business) Little Rock, AR 72205 Columbia, SC 29208 GEORGIA TENNESSEE Georgia Regional Poison Control Center 800-282-5846 Southern Poison Control Center 901-528-6048 Grady Memorial Hospital 404-525-3323 (for the deaf) 848 Adams Ave. 80 Butler Street South East 404-616-9000 (business) Memphis, TN 38103 Atlanta, GA 30335-3801 2008 Integrated Orchard Management Guide for Commercial Apples in the Southeast Senior Editor: Jim W algenbach, Extension Entomologist, NC State University Table of Contents Section Editors: Pest and Orchard Management Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Tree Row Volume: A Model for Determining Spray Volume . . . . . . . . . . 29 IPM Practices for Selected Pests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Pesticide Resistance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Effect of pH on Pesticide Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Orchard Floor Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 39 Apple Pollination, Honey Bees, and Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Soil and Plant Analysis Guidelines for Southeastern Apple Production . . 41 Fertility Management Recommendations for Apples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Relative Effectiveness of Fungicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Relative Effectiveness of Insecticides and Miticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Toxicity of Pesticides to Beneficial Arthropods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Weed Response to Preemergence Herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Weed Response to Postemergence Herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Fungicides and Bactericides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 52 Insecticides and Miticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 55 Herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Growth-Regulating Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Vertebrate Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 72 Pesticide Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 78 EPA Registration Numbers of Various Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Recom mendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of chemical products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact yo ur local Extension A gent. Insect Management Jim Walgenbach Cultural/Growth Regulators Steve McArtney Disease Management Turner Sutton Vertebrate Management Dave Lockwood Weed Management Wayne Mitchem Contributors Alabama Bobby Boozer Ed Sikora Horticulture Plant Pathology South Carolina Bob Bellinger Mike Hood Desmond Layne Guido Schnabel Safety Apiculture Horticulture Plant Pathology Arkansas John Boyd Pat Fenn Donn Johnson Curt Rom Weed Science Plant Pathology Entomology Horticulture Tennessee Steve Bost Edward Burgess Frank Hale Dave Lockwood John Skinner Plant Pathology Safety Entomology Horticulture Apiculture Georg ia Phillip Brannen Keith Delaplane Paul Gulliebeau Dan Horton Harold Scherm Plant Pathology Apiculture Safety Entomology Plant Pathology North Carolina Steve McArtney Wayne Mitchem Mike Parker Turner Sutton David Tarpy Steve To th Jim Walgenbach Horticulture Horticulture Horticulture Plant Pathology Apiculture Safety Entomology 2 Pest and Orchard Management Program DORMANT Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments 100 gal Acre Cultural Management Control tree density, size, and shape for better light and spray penetration. Conduct annual dormant pruning in central leader trees and appropriate high- density orchards. ***** The younger the trees, the closer to bud break they should be pruned. Prune older and bearing trees first; prune 1- to 2 -year-old nonbearing trees during the month before dormant bud break. Provide proper nutrition for mode rate tree grow th and goo d fruit quality. Collect soil samples; establish and maintain a good lime and fertility program. Apply late winter fertilizer to young, nonbearing trees, and half rate to mature, bearing trees. ***** See Fertility Management section (page 42) for complete sampling, fertilizer rates, and application methods. Apply full rate to young, nonbearing trees to promote good tree growth. Increase lateral bud break and lateral shoot development on last year's leader gro wth to encourage scaffold limb develop ment. Bag last year's leader grow th 3 to 4 weeks before anticipated dormant bud break. ***** See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 65) for details. Plant Growth Regulators Control water sprout regrowth near pruning cuts and on tops of large scaffold limbs exposed to light by heavy dormant pruning. Tre-Hold A-112 See comments. Use 10,000 ppm (10 oz/gal) as a "sponge on" application. 12 0 See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 65) for complete recommendation details. The need for this practice depends on heaviness of pruning, size of cuts, and potential growth vigor. Effectiveness depends on COMPLE TE coverage. Control burr knot formation. Gallex ** Paint directly from can, full strength, on burr knots. See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 65) for reco mmendation de tails. 1 Effectiveness ratings range fro m + = po or control to ++++ + = excellent control. Im portance ratings range fro m * = minor im portance to ***** = very im portant. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row volum e of 400 gal/acre. Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Disease Management Reduce inoculum of apple scab fungus. Shred leav es with flail mower. ***** May also help reduce inoculum of fungi that cause Brooks spot, Alternaria blotch, and Glomerella leaf spot. Reduce inoculum of black, white, and bitter rot fungi. Prune out dead wood and mummied fruit. ***** Pruning is extremely important to reduce the likelihood o f these diseases. Don 9t stockpile prunings near orchard. Remove and burn, or chip with a flail mower. Reduce inoculum of fire blight bacteria. Prune ou t cankers and old fire blight strikes. **** Will also re duce inoc ulum of blac k rot, white rot, and bitter r ot. Reduce inoculum of powdery mildew fung us. Prune out silver-colored terminals. *** Particularly use ful on young tre es of a susceptible cultivar. Improve control of cedar Scout orchard, adjacent ***** Complete removal of red cedar in areas where need for apple and quince rusts. woods, or borders for red cedars are not common may eliminate cedar, and remove. fungicide sprays for these diseases. Create good conditions Prune to open trees. ***** Pruning is extremely important for good for drying fruit and disease control inside the canopy and in the foliage; improve spray tops of large trees. penetration. Weed Management Control seedling Apply glyphosate or ***** See product label. See product label. Apply nonselective postemergence herbicide s breaks apply a perennials and winter paraqu at to control emerged +++++ alone (spring). When control from thi annuals. winter annuals. and summ er weeds are 2-3 inches tall, nonselective preemergence herb icide. likely be in early May, but may vary f This will rom year Reduce dan delions. 2,4-D amine ++++ 1 qt 1.0 lb 48 60 to year. Delaying PRE herbicide appli results in residual control later in the Apply at least 2 weeks before bloom t summer. cation o control flowering wee ds. Reduces comp etition with apple blossoms to enhance bee pollination. Control o f flowering weeds will also help control tarnished plant bug. 3 4 SILVER TIP Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) Rate per 2 Re-entry Interval Preharv. Interval Goals Options or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre (hours) (days) Comments Disease Management Control fire b light. Bactericides This treatm ent will help control fire blight in copper hydroxide ++++ See label. See label. blocks of trees of a susceptible cultivar where copper oxychlo ride sulfate ++++ See label. See label. fire blight has been a problem. It will not Bordeaux ++++ See label. See label. eliminate need for streptomycin. Applications later than 0.25 - to 0.5-inch gre en tip may resu lt in injury. Most effective if applied dilute. Control b lack rot. Fungicides An important spray for b lack rot control in Captan 50W or ++++ 4 4 lb 96 0 Georgia. Warning: Captan will cause injury 4L or ++++ 4 2 qt 96 0 when used with or too close to oil applications. 80W or ++++ 2.5 lb 24 0 80WDG ++++ 2.5 lb 24 0 Control cr own rot Fungicides Ridomil and Aliette applications are (collar rot). Ridomil Gold EC or WSP ++++ See label. 12 1 recommended on cultivars propagated on susceptible rootstocks planted in heavy or poorly drained soils. Apply Ridomil in the spring before growth starts, and repeat application after harvest. Apply 3 to 5 applications of Aliette a year. Make first application of Aliette after leaf emergence. Aliette 80WDG or 80 WSP ++++ e to 1½ lb 2 to 5 lb 12 14 Note: Ridomil and Aliette must be applied on a preventive basis. Treatment of trees exhibiting symptoms will not prevent further symptom d evelopm ent. Phosphite fungicides ++++ See label. Other phosphite fungicides (i.e. Prophyt, Agri- Fos) are registered for crown rot control and have activity similar to Aliette. See labels for use instructions and precautions. 1 Effectiveness ratings range fro m + = po or control to ++++ + = excellent control. Im portance ratings range fro m * = minor im portance to ***** = very im portant. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. GREEN TIP TO ½-INCH GREEN Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate Per 2 Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments 100 gal Acre Disease Management Control scab. See discussion in Fungicides and Bactericides (page 52) for information on postinfection control program. Fungicides Syllit 65 W +++++ ½ to ¾ lb 2 to 3 lb 48 7 Vangard 75WG +++++ 1.25 oz 5 oz 12 72 Vangard tends to be most active at cool temperatures. Vangard 75WG + mancozeb 80 WP or 75 DF or F4 or + Polyram 80DF +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ¾ oz ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 3 oz 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 12 24 24 24 24 72 77 77 77 77 Scala SC +++++ 1.75 to 2.5 oz 7 to 10 oz 12 72 Scala SC is not compatible with captan. Scala SC + mancozeb 80 WP or 75 DF or F4 or + Polyram 80DF +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 1.25 oz ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 5 oz 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 12 24 24 24 24 72 77 77 77 77 Sovran 50WG +++++ 1 to 1.6 oz 4 to 6.4 oz 12 30 Flint 50WG +++++ 4 2 to 2.5 oz 12 14 Pristine 38W +++++ 4 14.5 to 18.5 oz 12 0 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = po or control to ++++ + = excellent control. Importance ratings range fro m * = minor imp ortance to ***** = very im portant. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 5 6 GREEN TIP TO ½-INCH GREEN (continued) Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate Per 2 Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments 100 gal Acre Rubigan 1E + captan 50 WP or 80W or 80WDG or + mancozeb 80 WP or 75 DF or F4 or + Polyram 80DF +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 3 to 4 oz ¾ lb 0.47 lb 0.47 lb ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 8 to 12 oz 3 lb 1.88 lb 1.88 lb 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 96 24 24 24 24 24 24 30 0 0 77 77 77 77 Do not use captan within 2 weeks o f an oil spray. Although re sistance of the apple scab fungus to the DMI fungicides Nova, Rubigan, Indar, and Procure has not been confirmed, some growers have experienced p roblems in th e Southea st in controlling scab when using these fungicide s. Growers who have had this problem should use a program that begins with two sprays of Syllit, Vangard, or Scala, followed by two sprays of Flint or Sov ran. The fifth sp ray, which sho uld occur around petal fall, can include a DMI fungicide, but it needs to be combined with a full rate of captan or captan + mancozeb or metiram to ensure scab control. A DMI fungicide at this time will help control powdery mildew, especially on mildew- susceptible varieties, and cedar apple and quince rust if captan is used alone. Nova 40W + captan 50 W or 80W or 80WDG or + mancozeb 80 W or 75 DF or F4 or + Polyram 80 DF +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 1¼ to 2 oz ¾ lb 0.47 lb 0.47 lb ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb 5 to 10 oz 3 lb 1.88 lb 1.88 lb 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 96 24 24 24 24 24 24 14 0 0 77 77 77 77 Procure 50WS 1 to 2 oz 4 to 8 oz + captan 50 W +++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 96 14 80 W or 0.47 lb 1.88 lb 24 0 80WDG 0.47 lb 1.88 lb 24 0 or + mancozeb 80 W or +++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 24 77 75 DF or +++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 24 77 F4 +++++ 0.6 qt 2.4 qt 24 77 or + Polyram 80W +++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 24 77 1 Effectiveness ratings range fro m + = po or contro l to ++++ + = exce llent control. Im portance ratings range fro m * = minor importance to ***** = very im portant. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. GREEN TIP TO ½-INCH GREEN (continued) Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) Rate Per 2 Re-entry Preharv. or Interval Interval Goals Options Importance (*) 100 gal Acre (hours) (days) Comments Indar 75WSP 0.67 oz 2.67 oz + captan 50 W +++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 96 14 80 W or 0.47 lb 1.88 lb 24 14 80WDG 0.47 lb 1.88 lb 24 14 or + mancozeb 80 W or +++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 24 77 75 DF or +++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 24 77 F4 or +++++ 0.6 qt 2.4 qt 24 77 + Polyram 80W +++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 24 77 Insect Management Control scales and reduce Insecticides Use either a superior-type or highly refined overwintering European summer oil applied dilute. If the oil red mite and rosy apple Oil +++++ 2 gal 8 gal 12 0 application is delayed until tight cluster to aphid eggs. pink, use a refined oil or reduce a superior type to ½ to 1 gal/100 gal. Do not use captan within 2 weeks o f an oil application. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importa nce to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 7 8 GREEN TIP TO ½-INCH GREEN (continued) Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) Rate Per 2 Re-entry Preharv. or Interval Interval Goals Options Importance (*) 100 gal Acre (hours) (days) Comments Improve scale and rosy apple ap hid control. Oil + Lorsban 4E or Supracide 2E or Esteem 35WP or Diazinon 50WP ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 2 gal ½ to 1 pt 1 to 2 pt 3 1.0 lb 8 gal 2 to 4 pt 4 to 8 pt 4 to 5 oz 4 lb 12 96 12 12 24 0 DD DD 45 21 An insecticide with oil may be added at this time in orchards experiencing problems with scales or climbing cutworms. In some blocks, applications of Lorsban , Asana, and Amb ush no longer c ontrol rosy apple aphid due to resistance. N either Asana nor Amb ush will control mites or scales. or Danitol 2.4EC or Asana XL or Ambush 2E ++++ +++ +++ 2 b to 5 a oz 2 to 5.8 oz 1.6 to 3.2 oz 10 b to 21 a oz 4.9 to 14.2 oz 6.4 to 12.8 oz 24 12 12 14 21 PF Note: Pyrethroids, including Asana, Ambush, Danitol, and W arrior, will not control scales. These products are highly toxic to predatory mites and often lead to flare-ups of European red mite po pulations. or Warrior ++++ 0.64 to 1.28 oz 2.56 to 5.12 oz 24 21 Initiate Orienta l Fruit Erect pheromone traps ***** Erect pheromone traps by green tip to detect Moth (OFM ) monitoring first emergence. See section on IPM Practices program. for Selected Pests (page 31) for monitoring information. Mating disruption of Pheromones (# dispensers) If insecticides are used for first generation OFM and co dling moth. Isomate Rosso +++++ 100/acre OFM control at petal fall, mating disruption Isomate CM/OFM TT +++++ 200/acre of OFM can be delayed until May or June. CheckMate OFM +++++ 100/acre See section on cMating Disruption d in IPM Practices for Selected Pests (page 34). 1 Effectiveness ratings range fro m + = po or contro l to ++++ + = exce llent control. Im portance ratings range fro m * = minor importance to ***** = very im portant. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. TIGHT CLUSTER TO PINK Goals Options Disease Management Control scab. Fungicides : Same as used in green-tip spray. Control powdery mildew. Fungicides Nova 40W Rubigan EC Bayleton 50DF Procure 50WS Indar 75WSP Control cedar ap ple rust and quinc e rust. Fungicides Nova 40W Rubigan 1EC Procure 50WS Indar 75WSP Bayleton 50DF mancozeb 80W or 75DF or F4 Polyram 80W Ferbam Granuflo Control black rot and frogeye leafsp ot. Captan 50W or 4L or 80 W or 80WDG Insect Management Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) +++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Rate per 2 100 gal 1¼ to 2 oz 3 to 4 oz ½ to 2 oz 1 to 2 oz 0.67 oz 1¼ to 2 oz 3 to 4 oz 1 to 2 oz 0.67 oz ½ to 2 oz ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt ¾ lb ½ lb 1 ½ to 2 lb ¾ to 1 qt 0.94 to 1.26 lb 0.94 to 1 .26 lb Acre 5 to 10 oz 8 to 12 oz 2 to 8 oz 4 to 8 oz 2.67 oz 5 to 10 oz 8 to 12 oz 4 to 8 oz 2.67 oz 2 to 8 oz 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 3 lb 2 lb 6 to 8 lb 3 to 4 qt 3.77 to 5 lb 3.77 to 5 lb Re-entry Interval (hours) 24 12 12 12 12 24 12 12 12 12 24 24 24 24 24 96 96 24 24 Preharv. Interval (days) 14 30 45 14 14 14 30 14 14 45 77 77 77 77 7 0 0 0 0 Comments If two sprays of Sovran, Pristine, or Flint have been used , switch to a nonstrobilurin fungicide. Syllit, Scala, and Vangard are most effectively used in the first two sprays of the season. These are the most important sprays for the control of powdery mildew. Do not u se Ferbam within 7 days of an oil spray. Captan alone will not control powdery mildew or rust diseases. Initiate codling moth and Erect pheromone traps. ***** Erect traps now because moths begin to leafroller monitoring emerge near bloom. See section on IPM program. Practices for Selected Pests (page 31) for information on monitoring p rograms. 9 10 TIGHT CLUSTER TO PINK (continued) Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv Interval (days) Comments Insect Management Control ro sy apple Insecticides aphid. Actara 25WDG Assail 30SG Calypso 4F Thiodan 3EC, Phaser 3EC Diazinon 50W Dimethoate 4EC/400 Danitol 2.4EC Control plant bugs Maintain clean ground- and spotted tentiform cover. Insecticides listed for leafminer (STLM). rosy apple aphid will aid in plant bug and leafminer control if plant bugs are readily seen. Pink stage is the best time to control rosy +++++ +++++ +++++ +++ +++ +++ ++++ 3 3 3 b qt 1 lb ½ to 1 pt 2.6 to 4.3 oz 4.5 oz 2.5 to 4 oz 2 to 4 oz 2 b qt 4 lb 2 to 4 pt 10.6 to 21.3 oz 12 12 12 24 24 24 24 35 7 30 21 21 28 14 apple ap hid. Caution: Rosy app le aphid resistance to Thiodan, Diazinon, Dimethoate, and Danitol has been observed in some orchards. See Rosy Ap ple Aphid resistance section (page 37). Assail may be used during blo om if sprays are applied before or after bees are in the orchard. Assail residues on leaves or flowers are no t toxic to bees, but avoid spraying when bees are in the orchard. ***** In many instances, a clean groundcover eliminates the ne ed for insectic ides to control bugs. If there is a history of plant bug problems, a second application at petal fall will improve control. The need for insecticides specifically targeting STLM at this time is questionable because first generation mines rarely exceed thresh old levels. 1 Effectiveness ratings range fro m + = po or control to ++++ + = excellent control. Im portance ratings range fro m * = minor im portance to ***** = very im portant. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. BLOOM Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) Rate per 2 Re-entry Interval Preharv. Interval Goals Options or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre (hours) (days) Comments Cultural Management Loosen b ags on lead ers to Leader bags must be ***** See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section acclimate for 2 to 3 days; removed when new lateral (page 65) for complete details. then remove bags from growth is 1 to 3" long. leaders and spray with Promalin. Do leader selection and Select new shoot for strip whorl on dormant central leader and remove headed tree leaders. competing shoots from first four nodes below new leader sho ot. Plant Growth Regulators Improve fruit shape and ( BA+GA 4 + 7 ) See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section increase fruit weight of Proma lin +++ 1 to 2 pt 12 None (page 65). Apply as a fine mist application Red and Golden at 40 to 50% of Tree Row Volume (TRV) Delicious (can be used Perlan +++ 0.5 to 1.0 pt 4 water rate between king bloom opening and only on varieties that full bloom. have dom inant calyx ends). Increase lateral bud break Promalin +++++ 250 to 500 12 None Apply to last year's leader growth with a and lateral sho ot growth ppm handheld nozzle. See Growth-Regulating on 1-year-old leader (1 to 2 pt)/10 Chemicals section (page 65). growth as a to ol to gal encourage scaffold limb develop ment, espec ially Perlan +++++ 125 to 500 4 Make one application when orchard trees on those that were bagged ppm have 1 to 3 inches of new growth. before bud break. Use on (0.5 to 2 pt)/ nonbearing trees only. 10 gal 1 Effectiveness ratings range fro m + = po or contro l to ++++ + = exce llent control. Importan ce ratings rang e from * = m inor impo rtance to ***** = v ery importa nt. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 11 12 BLOOM (continued) Relative 1 Rate per 2 Re-entry Preharv. Effectiveness (+) Interval Interval Goals Options or 100 gal Acre (hours) (days) Comments Importance (*) Disease Management Control scab, rusts, and Fungicides Avoid sprays in full bloom if possible. Do not mildew. Same fungicides as overextend app lication intervals. recommended in tight cluster stage. Control fire b light. Bactericides Begin application at first bloom and continue streptom ycin 4.8 to 8 oz 1½ to 2½ lb 12 50 at 3- to 4-day intervals until petal fall. Streptom ycin sprays protect only those blossoms open at time of application. It is very important to continue spraying through crat tail d bloom, especially on susceptible varieties. See discussion under Pesticide Resistance Management section (page 36) for timing sprays according to conditions favorable for infection. Insect Management Protect pollinators. Do not apply insecticides ***** Keep orchard floor free of flowering weeds. during bloom. This will increase pollination activity in the trees and lessen bee activity after apple bloom. Disrupt mating of codling Pheromones (# dispensers) Do not use mating disruption in blocks of less moth. Isomate CTT ++++ 200/acre than 5 acres. Pheromone dispensers should be Isomate CM/OFM TT ++++ 200/acre hung before moths begin to emerge, with CheckMate CM-XL 1000 ++++ 120-200/acre hanging completed by petal fall. Also, supplemental sprays with an insecticide will be necessary under moderate to high population densities. See section on IPM Practices for Selected P ests (page 31). 1 Effectiveness ratings range fro m + = po or control to ++++ + = excellent control. Im portance ratings range fro m * = minor im portance to ***** = very im portant. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. PETAL FALL Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Cultural Management Reduce fruit corking. Solubor +++ 1 lb at first cover If boron is low in leaf sample or cork spot has been a problem in past years, a second and third applica tion may be used. Dilute applications are necessary for good uptake. See Fertility Management section (page 42). Reduce fruit corking and bitter pit. calcium nitrate or calcium chloride +++ +++ 3 lb 2 lb beginning at first cover Repeat calcium sprays in each cov er spray all season. Ca lcium nitrate may contribute to elevated leaf nitrogen levels and vegetative growth. Do not apply calcium chloride when temperatures are above 85ºF, and DO NOT tank mix with Solubor or Apogee. All calcium sprays should be applied dilute for maximum response, especially for b itter pit control in late season cover sprays when fruit are becoming waxy. See Fertility Management section (page 42). Plant Growth Regulators Reduce fruit russetting on susceptible cultivars (esp. Golden Delicious). ( GA 4+7 ) Pro-Vide 10SG Novagib 10L ++++ ++++ 60 - 100 g 20-26 fl oz 12 4 None At petal fall, begin the first of four applications at 7- to 10-day intervals. See Growth- Regulating Chemicals section (page 65) for complete recom mendations. Thin fruit to reduce crop load and encourage return bloom. Depen ds on cultivar , fruit size, and thinning chemical selected. Applications timed from petal fall to about 8 mm would be +++++ See thinning chart on page 67. Check lab el for specific thinning chem ical(s) to be used. See Che mical Fruit T hinning Spray and Ap ple Thinning recommendations chart in Growth- Regulating Chemicals section. applied during this time. Initiate vegetative growth control applications. Apogee ++++ Use at TRV calculated A.I./acre. 12 45 See Apogee table in Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 70). 13 14 PETAL FALL (continued) Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Disease Management Control scab. Scout for secondary scab. ***** If primary scab is controlled by petal fall or first cover, switch to captan. If secondary scab is detected early, dodine, Rubigan, Nova, or Procure can be effectively used in a postsymptom treatment. See discussion under Fungicides and Bactericides (page 52). Control summer diseases (general). Fungicides captan 50W or 4L or 80W or 80WDG 2 lb 1 qt 1.25 lb 1.25 lb 8 lb 4 qt 5 lb 5 lb 96 96 24 24 0 0 0 0 If Rubigan, N ova, or Procure is used in this spray, increase the rate of Captan 50W to 6 to 8 lb/acre or Captan 4L to 3 to 4 qt/acre and extend interval to 10-14 days, or follow combination sprays with lower rates of captan or metiram in 5-7 days with full rate of captan or combinations of captan plus mancozeb or metiram. Captan and metiram at petal fall or first cover generally give better fruit finish than mancozeb. If the first cover spray occurs after May 15 , include 8 to 12 oz/acre of Topsin M70WP with captan for sooty blotch or flyspeck control as directed in second and later cover sprays below. Use captan in orchards where black rot is a problem. captan 50W or 4L or 80 W or 80 WDG +++++ 1¼ lb 0.62 qt 0.79 lb 0.79 lb 5 lb 2½ qt 3.15 lb 3.15 lb If Captan 80W or 80WDG is used the REI is 24 hours. + Polyram 80 W or mancozeb 80W 75 DF 4F +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ¾ lb ¾ lb ¾ lb 0.6 qt 3 lb 3 lb 3 lb 2.4 qt 96 96 96 96 77 77 77 77 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments 100 gal Acre Control summer diseases (general) (continued). Control B rooks fruit spo t. Sovran 50WG +++++ 1.0 to 1.6 oz 4.0 to 6.4 oz 12 30 Sovran and Flint will also control apple scab and powdery mildew. Flint 50WG +++++ 4 2.5 to 3.0 oz 12 14 Pristine 38W +++++ 4 14.5 to 18.0 oz 12 0 Fungicides Petal fall through third cover sprays are the Use fungicides listed for +++++ most impo rtant sprays for B rooks spo t control. summer diseases or use Nova, Rubigan, Indar, and Procure have very fungicide combinations listed under green tip. little Brooks spot activity. If Nova, Rubigan, Indar, or P rocure is used, combine it with a full Control powdery mildew. rate of protectant. Fungicides If Nova, Rubigan, Indar, or Procure is no Bayleton 50DF +++++ 0.5 to 2 oz 2 to 8 oz 12 45 longer used, include Bayleton for mildew Control cedar apple rust. control on susceptible cultivars. Fungicides Ferbam Granuflo ++++ ½ lb 2 lb 24 7 If captan alone is used in these sprays, include Ferbam where cedar apple rust is a problem. Insect Management Preventively control European red mite, spotted tentiform leafminer, and white apple leafhopper. Insecticides Agri-Mek 0.15EC + oil +++++ 2.5 oz 10 oz 12 28 An application of Agri-Mek at petal fall should provide season-long suppression of these pests. A paraffinic spray oil (0.25% or 1 gal/acre) must be tank mixed to ensure Agri-Mek 9s activity. Do not use captan 2 weeks before or after applying oil with Agri-M ek. Control European red mite. Apollo SC Savey 50WP Zeal 72WDG Portal 0.4EC Envidor 2SC +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ S S S S S 4 oz 3 oz 2 to 3 oz 1 to 2 pt 16 to 18 oz 12 12 12 12 12 45 28 28 14 7 Apply these products between petal fall and third cover or when mites reach one adult per leaf. Portal will also control leafhoppers. See page 37 for resistance management of European red mite. 15 16 PETAL FALL (continued) Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments 100 gal Acre Control plum curculio. Insecticides Adults enter o rchards before or near petal fall. Guthion 50WP +++++ ½ lb 2 lb 48h, 14d 21 A preventive spray is recommended to Imidan 70WP +++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 24 7 minimize damage on fresh market apples. Cool Avaunt 30WG +++++ 3 5 to 6 oz 12 28 weather during this period may extend adult Actara 25SDG +++++ 3 4.5 to 5.5 oz 12 35 activity, which may require a second Calypso 4F ++++ 3 4 to 8 oz 12 30 application 10 days later. Read about re-entry Clutch 50WDG +++ 3 3 oz 12 14 interval for Guthion in the Insecticides and Sevin 50WP +++ ½ lb 1 lb 12 3 Miticides section (page 55). Control O riental fruit Insecticides Oriental fruit moth has become more important moth. Guthion 50WP +++++ ½ lb 2 lb 48h, 14d 21 in apples in recent years. An insecticide Imidan 70WP ++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 24 7 applied between 500 and 600 degree days Avaunt 30WG ++++ 3 5 to 6 oz 12 28 (DD) after biofix will control the first Sevin 50WP ++++ ½ lb 2 lb 12 3 generation. Read about re-entry interval for Assail 30SG ++++ 3 5 to 8 oz 12 7 Guthion in Insecticides and Miticides Section Calypso 4F ++++ 3 4 to 8 oz 12 30 (page 55). Clutch 50WDG +++ 3 3 oz 12 14 Control San Jose scale. Insecticides Where scales are a problem, apply an Dimethoate 4EC/400 +++++ ½ to 1 pt 2 to 4 pt 48 28 insecticide for first generation crawlers, which Diazinon 50WP +++++ 1 lb 4 lb 24 21 are active from petal fall through third cover. Guthion 50WP ++++ ½ lb 2 lb 48h, 14d 21 Yellow crawlers can be detected by wrapping Esteem 0.86EC +++++ 3 4 oz 12 45 double-stick tape around infested limbs after Centaur 70WP ++++ 3 34.5 oz 12 14 bloom and inspecting weekly. Caution: Assail 30SG +++ 3 8 oz 12 7 Diazinon or oil applied with captan or Captec summer oil +++ 3 1 to 2% 12 0 may cause phytotoxicity. Control white apple Insecticides Thresho ld level for first generation white ap ple leafhopper. Sevin 50WP +++++ ½ lb 2 lb 12 1 leafhopper is 1 nymph per leaf. Thinning Actara 25WDG +++++ 3 2 to 2¾ oz 12 35 apples with Sevin during this time controls Assail 30SG +++++ 3 2.5 to 4.0 oz 12 7 leafhoppers. Leafhoppers may be present from Calpyso 4F +++++ 3 2 to 4 oz 12 30 petal fall to second cover spray. Provado 1.6F +++++ 1 oz 4 oz 12 7 Avaunt 30WG +++++ 3 5 to 6 oz 12 28 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = po or control to ++++ + = excellent control. Importance ratings range fro m * = minor impo rtance to ***** = very im portant. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Control spotted tentiform leafminer. Insecticides Actara 25WDG Delegate WG Provado 1.6F SpinTor 2SC Assail 30SG ++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ 3 3 1 to 2 oz 3 3 4.5 oz 4.5 oz 4 to 8 oz 5 to 8 oz 1.1 oz 12 4 12 4 12 35 7 7 7 7 Threshold level for first generation leafminer is one mine per leaf, but rarely do populations reach this level this early in the season. Control rosy apple aphid. Insecticides Provado 1.6F Actara 25WP Assail 30SG Calypso 4F +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ 2 oz 4.5 oz 3 3 4 to 8 oz 4.5 oz 2.5 to 4.0 oz 2 to 4 oz 12 12 12 12 7 35 7 30 If an insecticide was not app lied for rosy ap ple aphid at pink, or if control was poor, an insecticide should be applied. Control green fruitworm. Insecticides Guthion 50WP Imidan 70WP +++++ +++++ ½ lb ¾ lb 2 lb 3 lb 48h, 14d 24 21 7 Green fruitworms are not a comm on pest: Apply an insecticide at petal fall if larvae are observed. Weed Management Control weeds. Check orchards for weed populations. ***** Identify weed problems so herbicide program can be adjusted for sum mer weed control. Apply Pre + Post herbicide. See herbicide guide. ***** See product labels. See product labels. Apply when summer weeds are 2 to 3 inches tall. Delaying application of preemergence herbicides until early May extends summer weed control. Suppress clover bloom to protect bees from insecticide sprays. 2,4-D ***** 1 qt 48 60 Apply 2,4-D 7 to 10 days before spraying insecticides to suppress clover and avoid killing bees. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importa nce to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 17 18 FIRST COVER Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 100 gal Acre Disease Management (Same fungicides as used in Petal Fall Spray) Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Insect Management Control codling moth. Control ro sy apple aphid, plum curculio, white apple leafhopper, spotted tentiform leafminer, and San Jose scale. Monito r codling moth adult ***** activity. Insecticides Guthion 50WP +++++ Imidan 50WP +++++ Intrepid 2F +++++ Rimon +++++ Danitol 2.4EC +++++ Delegate 35WP +++++ Assail 30SG ++++ Calypso 4F ++++ CYD -X ++++ Monitor orchards for these ***** insects. Insecticides (See Petal Fall section, page 12) ½ lb 2 lb 48h, 14d 21 ¾ lb 3 lb 24 7 3 10 to 16 oz 4 14 3 20 to 40 oz 12 14 3 16 to 21 a oz 24 14 3 4.5 to 7 oz 4 7 3 4 to 8 oz 12 7 3 4 to 8 oz 12 30 3 1 to 3 oz 4 0 See IPM Practices for codling moth (page 31) to determine how to minimize insecticide applicat ions for co dling mo th contr ol. Most insecticides generally provide 2 weeks 9 control, so do not be concerned if pheromone trap counts remain high 1 week after spraying. If using Intrepid or Rimon for first generaton codling moth, 2 applications at 14-day intervals should be made, the first at 100-200 DD. CYD-X is a virus that controls only codling moth. Frequent applications (7-10 days) at low rates (1 to 2 o z per acre ) have work ed well in field trials. Infestations of these insects may occur anytime from petal fall to the second cover spra y. Early detection is important for effective contro l. 1 Effectiveness ratings range fro m + = po or contro l to ++++ + = exce llent control. Importan ce ratings rang e from * = m inor impo rtance to ***** = v ery importa nt. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. SECOND COVER AND LATER SPRAYS Relative 1 Rate per 2 Re-entry Preharv. Effectiveness (+) Interval Interval Goals Options or Importance (*) 100 gal Acre (hours) (days) Comments Cultural Management Reduce fruit corking and calcium nitrate +++ 3 lb See information listed in Petal Fall to First bitter pit. calcium chloride +++ 2 lb Cover sections (pages 13 through 18) and Fertility Management section (page 42). Provide proper nutrition Apply second half of fertilizer to ++++ See Fertility Management Recommendations for mode rate tree grow th mature, bearing trees if crop section (page 42) for fertilizer use suggestions and goo d fruit quality. load is present, as soon as and complete recommendations. frost/freeze danger is past (approx. second cover). See Fertility Management Recommendations Collect leaf samples in July to +++++ section (page 42) for co mplete details. mid-August for leaf analysis. Achieve proper tree training, and control tree size and density for good light and spray penetration. Select lateral limbs, strip whorls, establish wide crotch angles with toothpicks or clothespins, and prop limbs to good limb angles (60-90º for central leader trees and 75-85º below vertical for high density, slender, spindle-type trees). ++++ Tree training is mandatory to develop proper lateral branching and limb position. Do detailed young tree management (deshoot, position limbs, tie up leader growth) every 6 to 8 weeks until full tree size and bearing are achieved (especially for high density orchards). ++++ Summer pruning is a necessary extension of tree training begun earlier. Summer pruning helps contain tree size and density, and proper limb selection and positioning encourage flower initiation. Remove water sp routs. Do leader manipulation, such as summer bending or snaking, every 18 inches of terminal growth extension. ++++ ++ Removing upright water sprout growth reduces tree density, allowing greater spray penetration and better ligh t distribution for fru it quality and color development. Summer pruning and removal of water sprouts also help control sooty blotch and flyspeck. 19 20 SECOND COVER AND LATER SPRAYS (continued) Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness(+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Plant Growth Regulators Thin to reduce crop load and encourage return bloom. Depends on cultivar, fruit size, and thinning chemical selected. Application time from approximately 9 mm and larger would be applied from second cover on. +++++ See thinning chart on page 68. See Chemical Fruit Thinning Sprays (page 66) and Apple Thinning Recommend ations chart (page 68 ) in Growth -Regulating C hemicals section. Enhance return bloom. Fruitone N or Fruitone L Ethrel +++ +++ 2 oz 16-72 fl oz 48 96 Research studies in the Southeast have found that NAA or Ethrel treatments can improve return bloom. Ethrel rate depends on many factors including cultivar and crop load. Refer to table on page 67. Control ground suckers around base of trunk. Tre-Hold A-112 Spro ut Inhibitor - Also use herbicides approved for sucker control. See notes in Herbicide section (page 62) for Rely, Gramoxone. ++++ Use 10,000 ppm (10 oz/1 gal) as a low- pressure, large-droplet handgun application. 12 0 See Sucker Contro l (page 70 ) for specific recommendation details. Delay preharvest fruit drop and delay fruit maturity. ReTain +++++ 2 oz One 333 gram pouch per acre (50 g a.i.) 12 21 Apply a single application 4 weeks before normal start o f harvest for eac h variety. Fruit maturity and harvest date will be significantly delayed. See Grow th-Regulating C hemicals (page 65) for reco mmendation de tails. Delay or reduce preharvest fruit drop or both. Preload NAA (Fruitone-L) ++++ 2 oz 48 4 Apply multiple applications of 5 ppm each week for the 4-week period prior to the normal start of the harvest period for each variety. NAA (Fruitone L) + 4 to 8 oz 48 4 Temporarily suppress any fruit drop by applying 10 to 20 pp m (depe nding on va riety) of NAA. A second application can be applied 7 to 10 days later. See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 65) for recommendation details. Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Reduce fruit russetting in susceptible varieties. Pro-Vide 10SG Novagib (continue applications started at petal fall) ++++ ++++ 60-100 g 20 oz per acre/appl 12 4 0 See Petal Fall to First Cover sections and Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 65) for reco mmendation de tails. Reduce fruit cracking of susceptible varieties (e.g., Stayman). Pro-Vide 10SG Novag ib +++ +++ 100-200 g 2 to 4 pt per acre/appl 12 4 0 Begin applications in early to mid June or as soon as cracking is observed. Repeat at 3-week intervals until harvest. See Growth- Regulating Chemicals section (page 65) for details. Promote lateral branching of current season 9s growth. Proma lin +++ 0.8 oz/gal of water (125 ppm) 12 None See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 65 ) for recom mendation details. Disease Management Control summer diseases (white rot, bitter ro t, black rot, sooty blotch, flyspeck, black pox). Scout orchard. Prune out fire blight strikes. Fungicides captan 50W or 4L or 80W or 80WDG ziram 76DF or 76WDG Thiram 65W ***** ***** +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ 2 lb 1 qt 1.25 lb 1.25 lb 2 lb 1.7 lb 8 lb 4 qt 5 lb 5 lb 8 lb 6.8 lb 96 96 24 24 48 24 0 0 0 0 14 0 Apply cover sprays at 10- to 14-day intervals. Use a 10-day inte rval during wet, rainy period s. If Topsin M is not used in cover sprays, it is important to combine captan with sufficient ziram to increase fungicide rate to 8 to 10 lb /acre in order to control sooty blotch and flyspeck. Be sure to observe 77-day preharvest interval when using metiram or mancozeb. When using a combination of captan and ziram, use approximately equal rates of each. Use captan where there is a histo ry of white rot. Sovran 50WG +++++ 1.0 to 1.6 oz 4.0 to 6.4 oz 12 30 A maximu m of four ap plications and 25.6 oz of Sovran 50WG can be used per acre per season. It is weak on b lack pox. Flint 50WG +++++ 3 2.5 to 3.0 oz 12 14 A maximum of four applications and 11 oz of Flint 50WG can be used per acre per season. It is weak on black pox. 21 22 SECOND COVER AND LATER SPRAYS (continued) Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments 100 gal Acre Control summer diseases (continued). Pristine 38W +++++ 3 14.5 to 1 8.0 oz 12 0 A maximum of four applications and 72 oz of Pristine can be used per acre per season. Pristine has activity on strains of the Alternaria blotch fungus that are resistant to Sovran and Flint. It is weak on black pox. If Captan 80W or 80W DG is used then the REI is 48 hours for this and other combinations below. Metiram and mancozeb cannot be used within 77 da ys of harvest. If thiram is used in this combination, the REI is 96 hours and the PHI is 0 days. captan 50W or 4L or 80W or 80 WDG + Topsin M70WP +++++ 2 lb 1 qt 1.25 lb 1.25 lb 2 to 3 oz 8 lb 4 qt 5 lb 5 lb 8 to 12 oz 96 96 24 24 96 0 0 0 0 1 ziram 76DF or 76WDG + Topsin M70WP +++++ 2 lb 2 to 3 oz 8 lb 8 to 12 oz 48 14 thiram 75WDG + Topsin M70WP +++++ 2 lb 2 to 3 oz 8 lb 8 to 12 oz 24 0 captan 50W or 4L or 80W or 80 WDG + metiram 80DF or mancozeb 75DF +++++ 1.25 lb 1 pt 0.79 lb 0.79 lb ¾ lb 5 lb 2.5 qt 3.15 lb 3.15 lb 3 lb 77 77 captan 50 W or 4 L or 50W or 50WDG + ziram 76DF, 76WDG or thiram 65WDG + Topsin M70WP +++++ 1 lb ½ qt 0.63 lb 0.63 lb 1 lb 1 lb 2 to 3 oz 4 lb 1 qt 2.52 lb 2.52 lb 4 lb 4 lb 8 to 12 oz 96 14 Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments 100 gal Acre Control summer diseases (continued). captan 50 W or 4 L or 80W or 2 lb 1 qt 1 ¼ lb 8 lb 4 lb 5 lb This is the best combination for control of Glomerella leaf spot. Make first spray around June 15 th or when first leaf spot symptoms appear and continue spraying 80WDG 1 ¼ lb 5 lb every 10-14 days until harvest. Use high + ProPh yt +++++ ½ to ¾ qt 2 to 3 qt 96 0 rate of Prophyt where Glomerella leaf spot is a problem. The REI is 24 hours if Captan 80W or 80WDG is used. Suppress necrotic leaf ziram 76W or WDG +++++ 1 to 2 lb 4 to 8 lb 48 14 Sprays from mid June through early August blotch on Golden thiram 75WDG ++++ 1 to 2 lb 4 to 8 lb 24 0 are most important. Delicious. zinc oxide 39.8% +++++ 1 pt 0 0 Control powdery Scout orchard. ***** Determine need for additional fungicides mildew. based on the number of infections o n newly unfolded leaves. Control A lternaria blotch. Pristine 38W +++++ 14.5 to 18.5 oz 12 0 Make first application of Pristine around third or fourth cover (mid June). Apply two additional applications at 10- to 14-day intervals. These applications will also control other summer diseases on Delicious. Use in conjunction with a preventive mite management program. Do not make m ore than 4 a pplications o r apply more than 72 oz of Pristine per season. Insect Management See IPM practices for codling moth (page 31) and Oriental fruit mo th (page 32 ) to determine the need for and timing of Control codling moth. Monitor pheromone traps insecticide sp rays. Insecticide s generally weekly for ad ult activity. ***** provide 2 weeks 9 control, but under high Insecticides populations applications should be shortened to 10 days. Keep trap bottoms clean, and re place lures m onthly. (See First C over.) 23 24 SECOND COVER AND LATER SPRAYS (continued) Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. interval (days) Comments 100 gal Acre Control O riental fruit moth. Monitor pheromone traps weekly for ad ult activity. Insecticides ***** See IPM practices for Oriental fruit mo th (page 32) to determine the need for and timing of insecticid e sprays. Oriental fruit moth has become more important on apples Guthion 50WP +++++ ½ lb 2 lb 48h, 14d 21 in recent years, particularly later generations Imidan 70WP +++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 24 7 in August and September. Delegate WG +++++ 3 4.5 to 7 oz 4 7 Intrepid 2F ++++ 3 12 to 16 oz 4 14 Rimon 0.83EC +++++ 3 20 to 40 oz 12 14 Danitol 2.4EC +++++ 3 5 to 6 oz 12 28 Under moderate to low OFM populations, Assail 70WP ++++ 3 1.7 to 3.4 oz 12 7 pheromone treatment should begin just Calypso 4F Mating Disruption ++++ 3 4 to 8 oz 12 30 before emergence of third generation a dults (late June to early July). When OFM populations are high, begin mating Isomate-M100 +++++ 100 disruption just before emergence of second Isomate Rosso +++++ 160 generation adults (late May to early June). CheckM ate OFM -F +++++ 0.3 to 2.5 oz Control tufted apple Monitor pheromone traps ***** See IPM Practices fo r tufted apple bud mo th bud moth. weekly for ad ult activity. Thin fruit to av oid excessive clustering. Insecticides **** (page 33) to determine the proper timing of insecticide ap plications. Clustering of fruit is conducive to higher levels of tufted ap ple bud m oth injury. See Insecticide Resistance Management Intrepid +++++ 3 6 to 12 oz 4 14 section (pa ge 37) for tu fted apple b ud moth Delegate WG +++++ 3 4.5 to 7 oz 4 7 (TABM ). Insecticide sprays for TABM are SpinTor 2SC +++++ 3 4 to 8 oz 4 7 recommended only in orchards with a Danitol 2.4EC +++++ 3 10.6 to 21.3 oz 24 14 history of damage. See section on IPM Avaunt 30WDG ++++ 3 5 to 6 oz 12 28 practices for tufted apple bud moth to Rimon 0.83EC Bacillus thuringiensis ++++ +++ 3 20 to 40 oz 12 14 properly time sprays. For best re sults apply Bacillus th uringien sis Dipel 2X ¼ to ½ lb 1 to 2 lb 4 0 ( Bt ) products at no less than 2X CryMax ¼ to ½ lb 1 to 2 lb 4 0 concentra tion. If using Bt s, it is important XenTari ¼ to ½ lb 1 to 2 lb 4 0 to monitor codling moth with pheromone traps because Bt s do not control C M. Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments 100 gal Acre Control ap ple maggot. Erect red sticky spheres **** Apple maggot has increased in importance in early June to monitor in recent years and is particularly a problem adults. in orchards near unsprayed orchards and/or following a year in which many orchards did not receive a full-season spray program, but still had some fruit in the orchard. Erect sticky traps baited with fruit essence lures on outside rows nearest abandoned orchards or other sources of flies. Check weekly. Threshold level is two flies per trap per week. If flies are still caught 2 weeks after spraying, apply again. Adults can emerge from June through August. Apply insecticides at 10- to 14-day Insecticides Guthion 50WP +++++ ½ lb 2 lb 48h, 14d 21 intervals during apple maggot flight. Imidan 70WP +++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 24 7 Apply Surround at 7- to 14-day intervals, or Assail 30SG ++++ 3 8 oz 12 7 after a heavy rain, because thorough, Calypso 4F ++++ 3 4 to 8 oz 12 30 uniform, and consistent coverage is Clutch 50WDG ++++ 3 6 to 8 oz 12 14 important. Rate of Surround will vary with Provado +++ 3 4 to 8 oz 12 7 tree size. Surround WP +++ 3 20 to 50 lb 4 3 Control white apple Insecticides Threshold level for second brood nymphs leafhopper or potato Provado 1.6F +++++ 1 oz 4 oz 12 7 (which occur in late July to early August) is leafhopper. Actara 25WDG +++++ 3 2 to 2¾ oz 12 14 one nymph per leaf. Treatment will Assail 30SG +++++ 3 2.5 to 4.0 oz 12 7 eliminate the need to treat for adults Calypso 4F +++++ 3 2 to 4 oz 12 30 immediately before harvest. Generally, low Avaunt 30WG +++++ 3 5 to 6 oz 12 28 rates of insecticides will control Dimethoate 4EC/400 +++ ½ pt 2 pt 48 28 leafhoppers. Clutch 50WDG +++++ 3 2 oz 12 14 Centaur 70WP +++++ 3 34.5 oz 12 14 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importa nce to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. 25 26 SECOND COVER AND LATER SPRAYS (continued) Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 Re-entry interval (hours) Preharv. interval (days) Comments 100 gal Acre Control spotted Insecticides A threshold level of two mines per leaf for tentiform leafminer. Lannate 90SP ++++ ¼ lb 1 lb 72 14 second generation larvae (June to July) should Delegate WG +++++ 3 4.5 to 7 oz 4 7 be used to dictate the need for STLM control. SpinTor 2SC +++++ 3 4 to 8 oz 4 0 Control of third generation larvae (August) Vydate 2L ++++ 1 to 2 pt 4 to 8 pt 48 14 may be necessary on late-maturing cultivars if Provado 1.6F +++ 2 oz 8 oz 12 7 populations exceed 4 mines per leaf. Many Actara 25WDG ++++ 3 4.5 oz 12 14 orchards have high levels of parasites by this Assail 30SG ++++ 3 2.5 oz 12 7 time. Insecticides are more effective against Calypso 4F ++++ 3 2 to 4 oz 12 28 sap-feeding mines than tissue feeders. Clutch 50WDG ++++ 3 3 oz 12 14 Control green apple Insecticides Threshold level for green apple aphid is 50% and spirea aphids. Dimethoate 4EC/400 +++++ ½ pt 2 pt 48 28 infested terminals. Control is most important Provado 1.6F +++++ 1 to 2 oz 4 to 8 oz 12 7 on young trees and in dwarf plantings. On Actara 25WDG +++++ 3 4.5 oz 12 35 mature trees, a higher threshold is tolerable. Assail 30SG +++++ 3 2.5 to 4.0 oz 12 7 Calypso 4F +++++ 3 2 to 4 oz 12 28 Clutch 50WDG +++++ 3 2 oz 12 14 Control Comstock Insecticides Applications should be made near the third mealybug. Diazinon 50WP +++++ 1 lb 4 lb 24 14 cover spray. Comstock mealybug has become Dimethoate 4EC +++++ ½ pt 2 pt 48 28 a problem in some orchards where Actara 25WDG +++ 3 4.5 oz 12 35 organophosphate use has been reduced or Assail 30SG +++++ 3 4 to 8 oz 12 7 eliminated, where postbloom pyrethroid use has increased, or both. Control woolly apple Insecticides In recent years woolly apple aphid has aphid. Dimethoate 4EC/400 +++ ½ pt 2 pt 48 28 increased in many areas. Above-ground Diazinon 50W +++ 1 lb 4 lb 24 21 infestations are of greatest concern on Provado 1.6F +++ 4 to 8 oz 12 7 younger trees. Control redbanded Insecticides Redbanded leafroller is a sporadic prob lem. If leafroller. Bacillus thuringiensis +++ ¼ lb 1 lb 12 0 damage is done, it is usually by the last Guthion 50WP ++++ ½ lb 2 lb 48h, 14d 21 generation, which lays eggs from mid August Imidan 70WP ++++ ¾ lb 3 lb 24 7 to mid September. Delegate WG +++++ 3 4.5 to 7 oz 4 7 Intrepid 2F +++++ 3 8 to 10 oz 4 14 SpinTor +++++ 3 4 to 8 oz 4 7 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = p oor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor import ance to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments 100 gal Acre Control lesser apple worm. Insecticides Guthion 50WP Imidan 70WP Delegate WG Intrepid 2F +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ½ lb ¾ lb 3 3 2 lb 3 lb 4.5 to 7 oz 10 to 16 oz 48h, 14d 24 4 4 21 7 7 14 Lesser apple worm is a sporadic pest of importance in isolated areas. If damage occurs, it is usually by the third generation, which occurs in August. Control dogwood borer. Insecticides Apply insecticides with a handgun sprayer to Lorsban 50W, ++++ 3 lb 3 96 28 the trunk, especially to burr knots and graft 4E +++++ 1.5 qt 3 96 28 unions. Moths can lay eggs from mid May Thiodan 3EC +++ a qt 3 24 21 through September, so treatment before July Asana XL +++ 2.0 to 5.8 oz 3 24 21 is optimal. Lorsban should be applied with a handgun sprayer from no more than 4 ft or with a shielded sprayer to prevent drift onto foliage or fruit. Control European red Monitor trees f or mite activity. ***** See IPM practices for European red mite. mite and two-spotted European red mite and two-spotted spider spider mite. Miticides mite threshold levels before July are 7 mites per leaf (85% infested leaves) and 10 mites per leaf (90% infested leaves) during July and August. If population s are near threshold level and Stethorus punctum is present, recheck in 3 to 4 days to determine if biological control reduces mite pop ulations. In orchards with Alternaria blotch, a threshold of 1 mite/leaf (50% infested leaves) should be used to minimize stress to trees. If Apollo or Savey were used at petal fall, do Acramite 50WS +++++ 3 ¾ to 1 lb 12 7 not reapply at this time. Use the higher rate Nexter 75WP +++++ 3 4.4 oz 12 25 of Kelthane on large trees. Do not expect Portal 0.4EC +++++ 3 1 to 2 pt 12 14 complete control with a single application of Apollo SC +++++ 3 4.0 oz 12 45 oil or sulfur. These materials must be applied Savey 50DF +++++ 3 3.0 oz 12 28 multiple times for best results. Applying a Zeal 72WDG +++++ 3 2 to 3 oz 12 28 highly refined summer oil when m ite Envidor 2SC +++++ 3 16 to 18 oz 12 14 populations are beginning to increase (first Vendex 50W ++++ ¼ lb 2 lb 48 14 and second covers) will help suppress Danitol 2.4EC ++++ 3 16 to 21.6 oz 24 14 European red mite infestations. Do not apply wettable sulfur + 1 ½ to 3½ lb 5 to 15 lb 12 7 captan 2 weeks befo re or after an oil summer oil ++ ½ to 1 gal ½ to 1% soln. 12 0 spray. 27 28 SECOND COVER AND LATER SPRAYS (continued) Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Weed Management Spot-treat with herbicide glyphosate ***** See Weed Respon se to Apple trees are especially sensitive to to control difficult-to- Herbicide table glyphosate applied in late summer and fall. manage perennial weeds. (pages 49 to 51). Avoid contacting tree bark and espe cially foliage. . POSTHARVEST Goals Options Relative 1 Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) Rate per 2 100 gal Acre Re-entry Interval (hours) Preharv. Interval (days) Comments Plant Growth Regulators Control fruit storage scald. DPA ++++ 2½ pt per one gal of water as a dip or spray to harvested fruit. See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 65) for complete details. To maintain apple flesh firmness, fruit acidity and minimize scald. SmartFresh See Growth-Regulating Chemicals section (page 65) for complete details. Weed Management Apply POST or PRE + See herbicide guide. *** See herbicide guide. See product labels. In areas where heavy populations of winte r POST herbicide. annual weeds are present, apply herbicide as part of vole management program. Application of a fall preemergence herbicide will delay the spring herbicide application to early May or later. 1 Effectiveness ratings range from + = poor control to +++++ = excellent control. Importance ratings range from * = minor importa nce to ***** = very important. 2 Rates expressed as amount per 100 gal for dilute and amount per acre are for concentrate applications based on a tree-row-volum e of 400 gal/acre. Tree Row Volume (TRV): A Model for Determining Spray Volume The TRV model is a simple and objective method of determining (1) the volume of tree canopy on an acre of orchard, regardless of row spacing, tree size, age, or other factors; and (2) the dilute application water rate and chemical quantity for dilute (1X) applications or concentrate chemical load per acre needed to effectively spray each particular orchard, regardless of pruning and tree canopy density. The TRV concept rests on these assumptions: Each row of trees is a wall of foliage, and water and chemical loads required can be related to the volume and d ensity of foliage within that wall. Only three measurements must be made: (1) The distance between rows of trees; (2) the maximum tree height to b e sprayed; and (3) the spread from drip line to drip line, w hich mu st be accu rately measured to at least the nearest foot. In addition, an assessment of tree densi

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