^RO ]Sx VS^^Y\KV ]^K^O], KVYXQ wS^R AVbKXSK, A\mOXSK, AzO\bKSjKX, MYVNYvK, KXN SO\bSK. FY\ T_\UOc, ^RO wSNO\ BVKMU SOK \OQSYX S] ^RO K\OK ^RK^ MYXXOM^] ^R\OO ]OK]: ^RO CK]pSKX SOK, ^RO AOQOKX SOK, KXN ^RO MONS^O\\KXOKX SOK. FY\ ^RO U.S., RYwOvO\, ^RO \OQSYX S] ^RO vK]^ K\OK ]^\O^MRSXQ P\Ym ^RO CK]pSKX SOK ^Y ^RO BVKMU SOK ^Y ^RO BKV^SM SOK.<br><br> Turkish Initiatives: BSEC and BLACKSEAFOR EXNYwON wS^R ^RO VYXQO]^ ]RY\OVSXO YP KVV ^RO VS^^Y\KV ]^K^O], T_\UOc RK] VYXQ ]Y_QR^ ^Y K]]_mO VOKNO\]RSp SX ^RO BVKMU SOK \OQSYX 4 KV^RY_QR ^RO MY_X^\c 9] pYVSMSO] ^YwK\N] ^RK^ OXN RKvO QOXO\KVVc XY^ bOOX MYX]S]^OX^ Y\ MYRO\OX^. NYXO^ROVO]], wS^R ^RO OXN YP CYVN WK\, T_\UOc ^YYU ^RO VOKN SX ]^\OXQ^ROXSXQ OMYXYmSM, pYVS^SMKV, KXN M_V^_\KV MYYpO\K^SYX SX ^RO \OQSYX. SpOMSPSMKVVc, S^ p\YpY]ON KXN MY-PY_XNON ^RO BVKMU SOK EMYXYmSM CYYpO\K^SYX (BSEC) SX J_XO &amp;..'.<br><br> BSEC PY_XN- SXQ mOmbO\] MYX]S]^ON YP AVbKXSK, A\mOXSK, AzO\bKSjKX, B_VQK\SK, GOY\QSK, G\OOMO, MYVNYvK, RYmKXSK, R_]]SK, T_\UOc, KXN UU\KSXO. TRO KNNS^SYX YP SO\bSK SX Ap\SV '%%) b\Y_QR^ BSEC 9] ^Y^KV mOmbO\- ]RSp ^Y ^wOVvO. TRO Y\QKXSzK^SYX wK] mYNOVON KP^O\ ^RO E_\YpOKX EMYXYmSM CYmm_XS^c KXN, K] ]_MR, RKN ]^\YXQO\ OMYXYmSM \OVK^SYX] K] S^] p\SmK\c PYM_].<br><br> OvO\ ^SmO, BSEC 9] mKXNK^O RK] OvYVvON ^Y SXMV_NO c]YP^ d ]OM_\S^c OXNOKvY\] ]_MR K] ^RO p\OvOX^SYX YP M\SmO KXN ^RO MYY\NSXK^SYX YP \OVSOP OPPY\^] N_\SXQ XK^_\KV Y\ mKX-mKNO NS]K]^O\]. A] wS^R ^RO Y\QKXSzK^SYX 9] PY_XNSXQ, T_\UOc pVKcON K p\YmSXOX^ \YVO SX BSEC 9] OvYV_^SYX P\Ym KX OMYXYmSM PY\_m ^Y K p\YjOM^-Y\SOX^ON SX]^S^_^SYX. BSEC RK] p\YvOX S^]OVP ^Y bO K \O]SVSOX^ KXN SXPV_OX^SKV vORSMVO PY\ SXM\OK]SXQ pOKMO KXN ]OM_\S^c SX ^RO wSNO\ BVKMU SOK \OQSYX.<br><br> NY^ YXVc S] S^ YXO YP ^RO POw Y\QKXSzK^SYX] SX wRSMR T_\UOc KXN A\mOXSK bY^R pK\^SMSpK^O, S^ KV]Y ]O\vO] ^Y b\SXQ VYXQ-^SmO \SvKV] T_\UOc KXN G\OOMO MVY]O\ ^YQO^RO\ 4 wS^R OKMR MY_X^\c pVKcSXQ K UOc VOKNO\]RSp \YVO. BSEC 9] ]OM\O^K\SK^ S] bK]ON SX I]^KXb_V KXN S^] ^\KNO KXN NOvOVYpmOX^ bKXU, ^RO PSXKXMSKV pSVVK\ YP ^RO Y\QKXSzK^SYX, S] VYMK^ON SX TRO]]KVYXSUK. EvOX MYX^OX^SY_] XOSQRbY\] R_]]SK KXN GOY\QSK K\O KbVO ^Y wY\U ^YQO^RO\ _XNO\ ^RO BSEC P\KmOwY\U.<br><br> IXNOON, mKSX^KSXSXQ pOKMO wS^RSX ^RO BVKMU SOK S] YXO YP T_\UOc 9] UOc pYVSMc QYKV] PY\ ^RO \OQSYX 4 YXO K^ wRSMR S^ RK] bOOX q_S^O ]_M- MO]]P_V. TR\Y_QRY_^ ^RO VYXQ, ^OX]SYX-PSVVON NOMKNO] YP ^RO CYVN WK\ KXN ^RO ^_\mYSV ^RK^ PYVVYwON S^, ^RO BVKMU SOK RK] \OmKSXON ^\KXq_SV. TRS] \O]^\KSX^ ]p\SXQ] SX VK\QO pK\^ P\Ym \OMYQXS^SYX ^RK^ MYXPVSM^ SX ^RO wK^O\] YP ^RO BVKMU SOK wY_VN ]O\vO XY YXO 9] SX^O\O]^.<br><br> MY\OYvO\, ^RO\O K\O XY q_K\\OV] YvO\ NOmK\MK^SYX KmYXQ ^RO VS^^Y\KV ]^K^O] 4 OvO\c ]q_K\O mO^O\ YP ^RO ]OK PKVV] _XNO\ ^RO ]YvO\OSQX^c YP YXO ]^K^O Y\ KXY^RO\. B_SVNSXQ _pYX BSEC 9] ]_MMO]], T_\UOc ^YYU ^RO VOKN SX M\KP^SXQ K PY\mKV \OQSYXKV ]OM_\S^c P\KmOwY\U. EX^S^VON ^RO BVKMU SOK NKvKV CYYpO\K^SYX TK]U FY\MO (BLACKSEAFOR), ^RS] Y\QKXSzK^SYX 9] mOm- bO\]RSp S] VSmS^ON ^Y ^RO ]Sx VS^^Y\KV ]^K^O] YP ^RO BVKMU SOK.<br><br> NOQY^SK- 88 The Wider Black Sea Region in the 21st Century ^SYX] YX BLACKSEAFOR bOQKX SX &amp;..- KXN S^] PY_XNSXQ NYM_mOX^] wO\O ]SQXON SX Ap\SV '%%&amp; SX I]^KXb_V. LSUO BSEC, BLACKSEAFOR 9] Y\SQSXKV mS]]SYX wK] \K^RO\ VSmS^ON; S^] p\SmK\c KM^SvS^SO] wO\O R_mKX- S^K\SKX KSN, ]OK\MR KXN \O]M_O YpO\K^SYX], KXN OXvS\YXmOX^KV p\Y^OM^SYX. OP MY_\]O, BLACKSEAFOR wK] KV]Y KX OxMOVVOX^ ^YYV PY\ OXRKXMSXQ XOSQRbY\Vc \OVK^SYX] KmYXQ ^RO ]Sx VS^^Y\KV ]^K^O] 4 mKXc YP wRYm wO\O YXMO KNvO\]K\SO].<br><br> FYVVYwSXQ ^RO SOp^OmbO\ &amp;&amp;, '%%&amp; ^O\\Y\S]^ K^^KMU], BLACKSEAFOR OmbK\UON _pYX KX KmbS^SY_] ^\KX]PY\mK- ^SYX, N\KmK^SMKVVc OxpKXNSXQ ^RO ]MYpO YP S^] mS]]SYX. TRS] mS]]SYX XYw SXMV_NO] ^RO p\OvOX^SYX YP ^O\\Y\S]m, Y\QKXSzON M\SmO, KXN ^RO ^\KPPSMUSXQ YP WMD Y\ \OVK^ON mK^O\SKV. IX ^RO MYX^Ox^ YP ^RS] ^\KX]- PY\mK^SYX, mOmbO\ ]^K^O] RKvO KNYp^ON K X_mbO\ YP NYM_mOX^], SXMV_NSXQ K _XSq_O \OQSYXKV \S]U K]]O]]mOX^ pKpO\.<br><br> IX ^RO pY]^-./&amp;&amp; SX^O\XK^SYXKV K\OXK, \S]U K]]O]]mOX^] RKvO bOMYmO K mKjY\ ^YYV PY\ PSXNSXQ ^RO \SQR^ ]YV_^SYX] ^Y ]OM_\S^c MRKVVOXQO]. T_\UOc RK] ]Y_QR^ ^Y ]_ppVOmOX^ BLACKSEAFOR wS^R K jYSX^ XKvKV YpO\K^SYX mYNOVON KP^O\ ^RO NATO-VON OpO\K^SYX AM^SvO EXNOKvY\ SX ^RO MONS^O\\KXOKX. IX MK\MR '%%), ^RO T_\US]R QYvO\X- mOX^ YPPSMSKVVc SXvS^ON ^RO Y^RO\ PSvO VS^^Y\KV ]^K^O] ^Y pK\^SMSpK^O SX OpO\K^SYX BVKMU SOK HK\mYXc, wRSMR S] KX OPPY\^ ^Y SXM\OK]O ^RO KbSV- S^c KXN SX^O\YpO\KbSVS^c YP ^RO mOmbO\ ]^K^O] ^Y \O]pYXN ^Y MRKXQSXQ ]OM_\S^c ^R\OK^].<br><br> SY PK\, R_]]SK KXN UU\KSXO RKvO jYSXON, KXN B_VQK\SK, RYmKXSK, KXN GOY\QSK RKvO KVV Oxp\O]]ON SX^O\O]^ SX bOMYmSXQ mOm- bO\]. OXMO KVV ^RO VS^^Y\KV ]^K^O] RKvO jYSXON, OKMR wSVV RKvO K MYmpVO^O mK\S^SmO pSM^_\O YP ^RO BVKMU SOK. LS^^Y\KV ]^K^O] wSVV UXYw OxKM^Vc wRY S] XKvSQK^SXQ ^RO ]OK, wRK^ MK\QY ^RO ]RSp] K\O MK\\cSXQ, wRO\O ^ROc MYmO P\Ym, KXN wRO\O ^ROc K\O QYSXQ.<br><br> EKMR ]^K^O wSVV MYXN_M^ pO\SYNSM ]_\vOSVVKXMO mS]]SYX] KXN ]RK\O SXPY\mK^SYX wS^R ^RO Y^RO\ mOmbO\-]^K^O] ^R\Y_QR ^RO OpO\K^SYX 9] PO\mKXOX^ CYY\NSXK^SYX COX^O\ VYMK^ON SX E\OQVS, T_\UOc. TRO cOK\ bOPY\O OpO\K^SYX BVKMU SOK HK\mYXc wK] p\YpY]ON, ^RO MYK]^ Q_K\N] YP ^RO ]Sx VS^^Y\KV ]^K^O] O]^KbVS]RON ^RO BVKMU SOK BY\NO\ CYY\NSXK^SYX KXN IXPY\mK^SYX COX^O\ (BBCIC) SX B_\QK], B_VQK\SK. TRS] Y\QKXSzK^SYX OXRKXMO] SXPY\mK^SYX ]RK\SXQ KbY_^ SVVOQKV mK\- S^SmO KM^SvS^SO] SX ^RO BVKMU SOK \OQSYX.<br><br> I^ S] ]SQXSPSMKX^ ^RK^ mOmbO\]RSp SX BLACKSEAFOR, OpO\K^SYX BVKMU SOK HK\mYXc, KXN ^RO BBCIC S] VSmS^ON ^Y ^RO ]Sx VS^^Y\KV ]^K^O]. TRS] K\S]O] P\Ym T_\UOc 9] bOVSOP ^RK^ wRSVO mY\O QOXO\KV \OQSYXKV ]OM_- Turkey and the Wider Black Sea Region 89 \S^c KXN pYVS^SMKV S]]_O] MKX SXvYVvO MY_X^\SO] XY^ KM^_KVVc bY\NO\SXQ ^RO ]OK, S]]_O] YP mK\S^SmO ]OM_\S^c ]RY_VN \OmKSX ^RO ]YVO p_\vSOw YP BVKMU SOK VS^^Y\KV ]^K^O]. TRS] MYXvSM^SYX RK] VON ^Y ]YmO ^OX]SYX bO^wOOX T_\UOc KXN NATO, wRSMR ]OOU] ^Y OxpKXN S^] ]MYpO YP KM^SvS^SO] SX ^RO BVKMU SOK.<br><br> AV^RY_QR BLACKSEAFOR KXN OpO\K^SYX BVKMU SOK HK\mYXc MYYpO\K^O wS^R NATO 9] OpO\K^SYX AM^SvO EXNOKvY\, T_\UOc S] ]^\YXQVc YppY]ON ^Y KXc pO\mKXOX^ NATO OxO\MS]O Y\ Y_^pY]^ SX ^RO BVKMU SOK. NY^ KVV BVKMU SOK VS^^Y\KV] ]RK\O T_\UOc 9] YppY]S^SYX ^Y K NATO p\O]OXMO. BY^R RYmKXSK KXN B_VQK\SK RKvO NOmYX]^\K^ON ^ROS\ wSVVSXQXO]] ^Y pY^OX^SKVVc p\YvSNO K pO\mKXOX^ bK]O PY\ NATO Y\ U.S.<br><br> PY\MO] SX ^RO BVKMU SOK. Concern over the Straits OXO p\SmK\c \OK]YX PY\ T_\UOc 9] YppY]S^SYX ^Y K NATO p\O]OXMO S] K MYXMO\X ^RK^ KVVYwSXQ K Q\OK^O\ \YVO PY\ NATO wY_VN bO K p\OV_NO ^Y AXUK\K VY]SXQ MYX^\YV YP ^RO T_\US]R S^\KS^], wRSMR S^ RK] MYX^\YVVON ]SXMO ^RO ]SQXSXQ YP ^RO &amp;.(+ MYX^\O_x CYXvOX^SYX. AMMY\NSXQVc, T_\UOc S] \O]pYX]SbVO PY\ OX]_\SXQ P\OO KXN ]KPO pK]]KQO YP mO\MRKX^ ]RSp] SX KXN Y_^ YP ^RO BVKMU SOK, K] wOVV K] \OQ_VK^SXQ ^RO ^\KX]S^ YP wK\]RSp], SXMV_NSXQ ^RO N_\K^SYX YP ^ROS\ ]^Kc.<br><br> IX Y\NO\ PY\ NATO ^Y VOQKVVc MYXN_M^ MO\^KSX ^cpO] YP mSVS^K\c OxO\MS]O] SX ^RO BVKMU SOK, ]YmO MVK_]O] YP ^RO CYXvOX^SYX wY_VN RKvO ^Y bO KmOXNON Y\ \OpOKVON, O\YNSXQ T_\US]R ]YvO\OSQX^c SX ^RO S^\KS^]. MKSX^KSXSXQ MYX^\YV YvO\ ^RO T_\US]R S^\KS^] S] K UOc K]pOM^ YP T_\UOc 9] BVKMU SOK pYVSMc. AXUK\K MYX]SNO\] KXc mYNSPSMK^SYX ^Y MYX^\O_x ^Y bO KUSX ^Y YpOXSXQ PKXNY\K 9] bYx: S^ MY_VN \OvSvO RS]^Y\SM OXmS^c bO^wOOX ^RO T_\U] KXN ^RO R_]]SKX], wRY RKvO KVwKc] N\OKmON YP MYX- ^\YVVSXQ ^RO S^\KS^] SX Y\NO\ ^Y ]OM_\O KMMO]] ^Y K cOK\-\Y_XN wK\m wK^O\ pY\^.<br><br> IX S] SX]^\_M^SvO ^RK^ wRSVO T_\UOc \OPO\] ^Y ^RS] wK^O\wKc K] c^RO T_\US]R S^\KS^], d ^RO WO]^ SX QOXO\KV \OPO\] ^Y ^ROm K] c^RO BY]pRY\_] d KXN c^RO DK\NKXOVVO], d wRSMR K\O bY^R G\OOU XKmO]. TR_], ^RO\O S] KV]Y \O]SN_KV MYXMO\X ^RK^ KXc MRKXQO ^Y MYX^\O_x MY_VN VOKN ^Y ^OX]SYX wS^R G\OOMO. T_\UOc S] KV]Y \SQR^Vc MYXMO\XON KbY_^ VSmS^SXQ ^RO X_mbO\ YP vO]]OV] ^RK^ XKvSQK^O ^RS] XK\\Yw wK^O\wKc, K] ^RO T_\US]R S^\KS^] RKvO bOMYmO YXO YP ^RO wY\VN 9] b_]SO]^ ]RSppSXQ VKXO].<br><br> UpwK\N] YP *),%%% vO]]OV] 4 SXMV_NSXQ *,*%% YSV ^KXUO\] 4 pK]] ^R\Y_QR ^RS] pK]]KQO OvO\c cOK\. 90 The Wider Black Sea Region in the 21st Century TRS] mOKX] ^RK^ KX KvO\KQO YP &amp;*% ]RSp] ^\KvO\]O ^RO S^\KS^] OvO\c NKc. TRO BY]pRY\_] S^\KS^ mOK]_\O] K mO\O ,%% mO^O\] KM\Y]] K^ S^] XK\- \YwO]^ pYSX^.<br><br> AX KMMSNOX^ MK_]ON bc ^O\\Y\S]m, Ox^\OmO wOK^RO\, Y\ ]SmpVO R_mKX O\\Y\ wY_VN bO NS]K]^\Y_], XY^ YXVc ^Y ^RO SX^O\XK^SYXKV YSV ^\KNO b_^ KV]Y ^Y ^RO mSVVSYX] YP T_\U] wRY VSvO KVYXQ ^RO ]RY\O] YP ^RO wK^O\wKc. BOMK_]O YP ^RS] NKXQO\, SX '%%' T_\UOc VSmS^ON ^RO ]SzO YP ^KXUO\] ^\KX]S^SXQ ^RO S^\KS^] ^Y _XNO\ '%% mO^O\] K^ XSQR^ KXN K^ Y^RO\ ^SmO] wROX vS]SbSVS^c S] VSmS^ON. IX KX OPPY\^ ^Y VSmS^ ^KXUO\ ^\KPPSM SX ^RO SXM\OK]SXQVc M\YwNON S^\KS^], T_\UOc RK] ]Y_QR^ ^RO MYX]^\_M^SYX YP YSV pSpOVSXO \Y_^O] ^RK^ bcpK]] ^RO wK^O\wKc.<br><br> TRO PS\]^ ]_MR bcpK]] \Y_^O wK] MYmpVO^ON SX '%%+ KXN MK\\SO] AzO\bKSjKXS YSV P\Ym BKU_, ^R\Y_QR TbSVS]S, KXN SX^Y ^RO T_\US]R MONS^O\\KXOKX pY\^ YP COcRKX. TRS] pSpOVSXO S] UXYwX K] ^RO BKU_-TbSVS]S-COcRKX (BTC) pSpOVSXO KXN RK] KX KXX_KV MKpKMS^c YP *% mSVVSYX ^YX] (KV^RY_QR S^ M_\\OX^Vc YpO\K^O] K^ VO]] ^RKX P_VV MKpKMS^c). TRO\O S] KV]Y K pSpOVSXO SX UU\KSXO MYXXOM^SXQ ^RO BVKMU SOK pY\^ YP ONO]]K ^Y B\YNc.<br><br> TRS] pSpOVSXO wK] Y\SQSXKVVc SX^OXNON ^Y ^\KX]pY\^ YSV P\Ym ^RO BVKMU SOK vSK UU\KSXO ^Y E_\YpOKX mK\UO^], b_^ SX]^OKN RK] ^\KX]pY\^ON R_]]SKX YSV ^Y ^RO BVKMU SOK 4 ^RO\Obc KNNSXQ ^Y ^KXUO\ ^\KPPSM SX ^RO S^\KS^]. SOvO\KV KNNS^SYXKV bcpK]] p\YjOM^] K\O pVKXXON ^Y KMMYmmYNK^O ^RO ]^OKNSVc Q\YwSXQ vYV_mO YP YSV PVYwSXQ wO]^wK\N P\Ym ^RO CK]pSKX SOK \OQSYX: K pSpOVSXO P\Ym T_\UOc 9] BVKMU SOK pY\^ YP SKm]_X ^Y COcRKX; K pSpOVSXO P\Ym ^RO B_VQK\SKX pY\^ YP B_\QK] ^Y ^RO G\OOU MONS^O\- \KXOKX MS^c YP AVOxKXN\Y_pYVS]; K pSpOVSXO P\Ym B_\QK] ^R\Y_QR MKMONYXSK ^Y ^RO AVbKXSKX pY\^ YP VVY\K; KXN K VSXO P\Ym CYX]^KX^K SX RYmKXSK ^Y T\SO]^O SX I^KVc. HYwOvO\, ^RO\O S] XY^ OXY_QR YSV ^Y PSVV KVV ^RO]O pSpOVSXO].<br><br> A] ]_MR, AXUK\K ]^\YXQVc PKvY\] ^RO SKm]_X-COcRKX p\YjOM^ K] S^ wY_VN M\Y]] T_\US]R ^O\\S^Y\c, cSOVNSXQ ]_b]^KX^SKV OMYXYmSM bOXOPS^]. T_\UOc KV]Y wKX^] ^Y MYX^SX_O ^RO NOvOVYpmOX^ YP COcRKX K] K mKjY\ YSV ^O\mSXKV, wS^R YSV MYmSXQ P\Ym bY^R ^RO CK]pSKX KXN I\Kq. I^KVSKX OXO\Qc MYm- pKXc EXS RK] KQ\OON ^Y MYX]^\_M^ SKm]_X-COcRKX b_^ S^ S] _XMO\^KSX wRO^RO\ ^RO\O wSVV bO YSV ^Y ]_ppVc S^ bOMK_]O R_]]SK, B_VQK\SK, KXN G\OOMO K\O KV]Y mYvSXQ PY\wK\N YX ^RO MYX]^\_M^SYX YP ^RO B_\QK]- AVOxKXN\YpY_VY] pSpOVSXO.<br><br> TRO CK]pSKX PSpOVSXO CYX]Y\^S_m (CPC), wRSMR b\SXQ] KKzKUR YSV ^Y ^RO R_]]SKX BVKMU SOK pY\^ YP NYvY\Y]]Sc]U, SX^OXN] ^Y SXM\OK]O S^] pSpOVSXO 9] KXX_KV MKpKMS^c P\Ym (&amp; mSVVSYX ^YX] Turkey and the Wider Black Sea Region 91 ^Y YvO\ +% mSVVSYX ^YX]. B_^ bOMK_]O R_]]SK RK] NO PKM^Y MYX^\YV YP ^RS] pSpOVSXO (KXN mY]^ Y^RO\ \Y_^O] ^Y ^RO BVKMU SOK), MY]MYw wKX^] KXc KNNS^SYXKV YSV ]RSppON ^R\Y_QR B_\QK]-AVOxKXN\Y_pYVS] 4 wRSMR S] ^Y RKvO K PSXKV MKpKMS^c YP (* mSVVSYX ^YX], mY\O ^RKX OXY_QR ^Y KMMYm- mYNK^O ^RO SXM\OK]ON CPC ^R\Y_QRp_^. OP MY_\]O, YSV ^RK^ S] M_\\OX^Vc ^\KX]pY\^ON ^R\Y_QR ^RO T_\US]R S^\KS^] MY_VN bO NSvO\^ON ^R\Y_QR SKm]_X-COcRKX, b_^ ]RSppO\] K\O XY^ VSUOVc ^Y NY ^RS] _XVO]] ^ROc XOON ^Y N_O ^Y YvO\-M\YwNSXQ SX ^RK^ wK^O\wKc.<br><br> O^RO\wS]O, ^RO P\OO \SNO\ p\YbVOm wSVV MYX^SX_O. FY\ YXO ^RSXQ, _^SVSzSXQ SKm]_X-COcRKX wY_VN KNN ]OvO\KV KNNS^SYXKV ]^Op] ^Y ^RO OxpY\^K^SYX p\YMO]]. TKXUO\] wY_VN MK\\c YSV P\Ym NYvY\Y]]Sc]U Y\ OV]OwRO\O ^Y SKm]_X, VYKN S^ SX^Y ^RO pSpOVSXO, YXVc ^Y RKvO NSPPO\OX^ ^KXUO\] pSMU S^ _p SX COcRKX.<br><br> MY\OYvO\, ^RO _]O YP SKm]_X-COcRKX wY_VN XY^ bO P\OO, P_\^RO\ SXM\OK]SXQ ^RO NO]S\KbSVS^c PY\ ]RSppO\] ^Y ]SmpVc MYX^SX_O _^SVSzSXQ ^RO T_\US]R S^\KS^] K] ^ROc M_\\OX^Vc NY. TRS] MYmpO^S^SYX YvO\ pSpOVSXO] MY_VN OvOX^_KVVc p\YvO p\YbVOmK^SM ^Y YXO YP T_\UOc 9] p\SmK\c BVKMU SOK YbjOM^SvO]: mKSX^KSXSXQ QYYN \OVK^SYX] wS^R ^RO Y^RO\ PSvO VS^^Y\KV ]^K^O]. NATO, GUAM, and the EU A] mOX^SYXON OK\VSO\, T_\UOc ]OOU] ^Y mKSX^KSX VOKNO\]RSp YvO\ BVKMU SOK \OQSYXKV SXS^SK^SvO].<br><br> TRS] S] YXO \OK]YX wRc S^ S] YppY]ON ^Y K VK\QO\ \YVO PY\ NATO SX ^RO BVKMU SOK 4 OvOX ^RY_QR T_\UOc RK] bOOX K mOmbO\ YP ^RO Y\QKXSzK^SYX PY\ KVmY]^ *% cOK\]. TRS] NO]S\O RK] KV]Y VON ^Y _XMO\^KSX^c \OQK\NSXQ wRK^ T_\UOc 9] pY]S^SYX ^YwK\N] GUAM (GOY\QSK-UU\KSXO-AzO\bKSjKX-MYVNYvK O\QKXSzK^SYX PY\ DOmYM\KMc KXN EMYXYmSM DOvOVYpmOX^) wSVV bO. AV^RY_QR GUAM S] XY^ OxpVSM- S^Vc ]O^ _p K] K BVKMU SOK Y\QKXSzK^SYX, S^] PY_\ mOmbO\ ]^K^O] K\O KVV pK\^ YP ^RO wSNO\ BVKMU SOK \OQSYX 4 wS^R UU\KSXO KXN GOY\QSK KM^_- KVVc bY\NO\SXQ ^RO ]OK.<br><br> T_\UOc S] M_\\OX^Vc KX Yb]O\vO\ SX GUAM, b_^ S] KmbSvKVOX^ KbY_^ wRO^RO\ S^ ]RY_VN ]OOU K mY\O KM^SvO \YVO SX ^RO Y\QKXSzK^SYX. TRY_QR GUAM S] XY^ KX KX^S-R_]]SKX Y\QKXSzK^SYX, S^ S] pO\MOSvON K] ]_MR, wRSMR mKUO] S^ _XVSUOVc PY\ T_\UOc ^Y jYSX S^ SX S^] M_\\OX^ PY\m. ROQK\NVO]] YP wRO^RO\ T_\UOc OxpKXN] S^] \YVO SX GUAM, ^RO\O K\O ]^SVV Y^RO\ q_O]^SYX] ^RK^ MYmpVSMK^O ^RO MY_X^\c 9] BVKMU SOK pYVSMc.<br><br> FY\ OxKmpVO, RYw wSVV T_\UOc bKVKXMO S^] NO]S\O ^Y OXQKQO ^RO wSNO\ 92 The Wider Black Sea Region in the 21st Century BVKMU SOK \OQSYX wS^R ^RO PKM^ ^RK^ S^ M_\\OX^Vc RK] XY NSpVYmK^SM \OVK- ^SYX] wS^R A\mOXSK? T_\UOc KXN A\mOXSK MVK]R YX K vK\SO^c YP S]]_O] 4 SXMV_NSXQ ^RO ]^K^_] YP ^RO NS]p_^ON NKQY\XY-KK\KbKUR \OQSYX. I^ wSVV bO SXM\OK]SXQVc NSPPSM_V^ PY\ T_\UOc ^Y MYX^SX_O MYX]YVSNK^SXQ \OVK^SYX] SX ^RO \OQSYX wRSVO OxMV_NSXQ A\mOXSK.<br><br> AXY^RO\ S]]_O ^RK^ MYmpVSMK^O] T_\UOc 9] BVKMU SOK pYVSMc S] ^RO q_O]^SYX YP S^] KMMO]]SYX ^Y ^RO E_\YpOKX UXSYX. T_\UOc RK] YP^OX MYX]SNO\ON EU mOmbO\]RSp KXN BVKMU SOK \OQSYXKV VOKNO\]RSp K] ^wY MYmpO^SXQ, \K^RO\ ^RKX MYmpVOmOX^K\c, pK^R]. ScmbYVSMKVVc, jYSXSXQ ^RO E_\YpOKX UXSYX \Op\O]OX^] T_\UOc PS\mVc KXN pO\mKXOX^Vc Y\S- OX^SXQ S^]OVP wO]^wK\N.<br><br> YO^ ^RO EU KV\OKNc Oxp\O]]O] NY_b^] KbY_^ T_\UOc 9] cE_\YpOKX-XO]]. d AXUK\K NYO] XY^ wKX^ ^Y P_OV ^RO]O NY_b^] bc OmpRK]SzSXQ T_\UOc 9] NONSMK^SYX ^Y ^RO wSNO\ BVKMU SOK \OQSYX 4 wRSMR SXMV_NO] ^RO NOMSNONVc XYX-E_\YpOKX R_]]SK KXN ^RO CK_MK]_]. FYVVYwSXQ ^RO &amp;... HOV]SXUS S_mmS^ KXN ^RO EU 9] \OP_]KV ^Y bOQSX KMMO]]SYX ^KVU] wS^R T_\UOc, pYVSMc mKUO\] SX AXUK\K RKN ^_\XON ^Y E_\K]SK, SX pK\^SM_VK\ ^RO BVKMU SOK \OQSYX.<br><br> TROc MKmO _p wS^R K X_m- bO\ YP ]^\K^OQSO] ^RK^ MKVVON PY\ K MVY]O\ pK\^XO\]RSp wS^R OXO\Qc-\SMR COX^\KV A]SKX MY_X^\SO], BVKMU SOK VS^^Y\KV], KXN YP MY_\]O, wS^R R_]]SK. TROX, KP^O\ ^RO EU Q\KX^ON T_\UOc MKXNSNK^O MY_X^\c ]^K^_] K^ S^] DOMOmbO\ '%%) ]_mmS^, T_\UOc 9] BVKMU SOK p\SY\S^SO] wO\O p_^ YX ^RO bKMUb_\XO\. B_^ wROX ^RO T_\UOc-EU KMMO]]SYX p\YMO]] bOQKX K NYwXwK\N ]pS\KV SX '%%+, T_\UOc YXMO KQKSX bOQKX pKcSXQ K^^OX^SYX ^Y ^RO BVKMU SOK \OQSYX 4 b_^ ^RS] ^SmO SX MVY]O\ pK\^XO\]RSp wS^R R_]]SK, KXN VO]] wS^RSX K pY^OX^SKV EU P\KmOwY\U.<br><br> T_\UOc 9] SX^O\O]^ SX cE_\K]SKXS]m d RK] bOOX wK\mVc \OMOSvON bc R_]]SK, wRSMR ]OOU] ^Y MK]^ S^]OVP K] ^RO SNOYVYQSMKV KXN ]^\K^OQSM cKV^O\XK^SvO d ^Y ^RO UXS^ON S^K^O] KXN ^RO WO]^. IX RS] XYw PKmY_] FOb\_K\c '%%, ]pOOMR SX M_XSMR, R_]]SKX P\O]SNOX^ VVKNSmS\ P_^SX ]^\YXQVc M\S^SMSzON ^RO UXS^ON S^K^O] PY\ cYvO\]^OppSXQ S^] bY\NO\] d KXN c^\cSXQ ^Y O]^KbVS]R K _XS-pYVK\ wY\VN. d P_^SX RK] ]Y_QR^ ^Y p\O]OX^ R_]]SK K] KX KV^O\XK^SvO 4 Y\ OvOX KX KNvO\]K\c 4 ^Y ^RO WO]^. IX ^RS], MY]MYw RK] K pY^OX^SKV KVVc SX I\KX, wRSMR S] OKQO\ ^Y ]OO KX KX^S-WO]^O\X bVYM NOvOVYp.<br><br> WRSVO T_\UOc S] bc XY mOKX] YppY]ON ^Y mOmbO\]RSp SX ^RO WO]^O\X KVVSKXMO, S^ S] K^ VOK]^ \OMOp^SvO ^Y ^RO \S]O YP K ]OMYXN Yp^SYX SX E_\K]SK. IXNOON, T_\US]R PY\OSQX pYVSMc SX \OMOX^ cOK\] RK] ]Y_QR^ ^Y mKSX^KSX MVY]O ^SO] wS^R bY^R ^RO WO]^ KXN ^RO XYX-WO]^O\X wY\VN, K MYXMOp^ VKbOVON K] c]^\K^OQSM NOp^R. d Emb\KMSXQ Turkey and the Wider Black Sea Region 93 ^RO ]^\K^OQSM NOp^R MYXMOp^ RK] mOKX^ K \OVK^SvO NOp\OMSK^SYX YP T_\UOc 9] \OVK^SYX] wS^R ^RO WO]^ K] AXUK\K VYYU] ^Y Smp\YvO ^SO] wS^R MY_X^\SO] VSUO R_]]SK, I\KX, Y\ Sc\SK. HYwOvO\, ^RO\O K\O ]^SVV mKXc S]]_O] ]^KXNSXQ SX ^RO wKc YP KXc pY^OX^SKV KX^S-WO]^O\X Yp^SYX.<br><br> R_]]SK, I\KX, KXN T_\UOc RKvO K VYXQ RS]^Y\c YP m_^_KV KX^KQYXS]m, KXN ^RO\O K\O ]OvO\KV SX^\KM^KbVO NS]p_^O] KmYXQ ^RO]O ^R\OO XK^SYX]. Bilateral Relations DO]pS^O ^RO p\YVSPO\K^SYX YP BVKMU SOK \OQSYXKV Y\QKXSzK^SYX] YvO\ ^RO pK]^ PSP^OOX cOK\], T_\UOc ]^SVV p\OPO\] NOKVSXQ wS^R MY_X^\SO] bSVK^- O\KVVc \K^RO\ ^RKX m_V^SVK^O\KVVc. IX ^RS] \O]pOM^, T_\UOc S] vO\c m_MR VSUO R_]]SK.<br><br> Russia and Ukraine TRY_QR MYmpVOx, ^RO\O S] XY NOXcSXQ ^RK^ R_]]Y-T_\US]R \OVK^SYX] RKvO SXM\OK]ON Q\OK^Vc YvO\ ^RO pK]^ POw cOK\]. WROX T_\UOc 9] J_]^SMO KXN DOvOVYpmOX^ PK\^c (AKP) wK] OVOM^ON SX '%%', S^ p_^ ^RO \O]_]MS- ^K^SYX YP ^RO _XNO\KMRSOvSXQ T_\US]R OMYXYmc K^ ^RO ^Yp YP S^] KQOXNK. MY\OYvO\, S^ K]]O]]ON ^RK^ YXO YP ^RO bO]^ wKc] ^Y KMMYmpVS]R ^RS] QYKV wK] ^Y Smp\YvO OMYXYmSM ^SO] wS^R R_]]SK, wRY]O OMYXYmc wK] bYYm- SXQ K^ ^RO ^SmO.<br><br> TRO AKP RK] MO\^KSXVc bOOX ]_MMO]]P_V SX KNvKXMSXQ ^RS] QYKV. SSXMO ^RO pK\^c 9] OVOM^SYX, T_\UOc KXN R_]]SK RKvO SXM\OK]ON ^RO vKV_O YP ^ROS\ bSVK^O\KV ^\KNO bc YvO\ *%% pO\MOX^, P\Ym $* bSVVSYX SX '%%' ^Y $'-.'* bSVVSYX SX '%%,. IX PKM^, YvO\ ^RO pK]^ POw cOK\], R_]- ]SK RK] OmO\QON K] T_\UOc 9] ]OMYXN-VK\QO]^ ^\KNSXQ pK\^XO\.<br><br> SSQXSPS- MKX^Vc, ^RO Q\Yw^R YP T_\US]R SmpY\^] P\Ym R_]]SK RK] ]_b]^KX^SKVVc Y_^pKMON ^RK^ YP OxpY\^] ^Y R_]]SK. IX PKM^, SmpY\^] P\Ym R_]]SK \Op\O- ]OX^ON $'(.* bSVVSYX YP ^RO '%%, ^Y^KV. TR_], T_\UOc 9] ^\KNO NOPSMS^ wS^R R_]]SK Oq_KVON $&amp;-.,* bSVVSYX ^RK^ cOK\ 4 bc PK\ ^RO MY_X^\c 9] VK\QO]^ wS^R KXc ^\KNSXQ pK\^XO\.<br><br> &amp; AV^RY_QR T_\UOc 9] \OVK^SYX]RSp wS^R R_]]SK RK] bOOX vO\c p\YPS^KbVO P\Ym KX OMYXYmSM pO\]pOM^SvO, ^RO ^wY MY_X^\SO] ]^SVV RKvO K X_mbO\ YP MYX^OX^SY_] S]]_O] bO^wOOX ^ROm. OXO QVK\SXQ S]]_O S] ^RO NS]KQ\OO- mOX^ YvO\ ^RO pSpOVSXO p\YjOM^] mOX^SYXON KbYvO. A^ ^SmO], T_\UOc RK] 94 The Wider Black Sea Region in the 21st Century &amp; TRO mKjY\S^c YP T_\UOc 9] SmpY\^] P\Ym R_]]SK K\O OXO\Qc KXN P_OV].<br><br> T_\US]R IX]^S^_^O YP S^K^S]^SM], KvKSVKbVO K^ R^^p://www.^_\U]^K^.QYv.^\/VO\SBSVQS.NY?^b_SN=&amp;'&amp;_]^_SN=). bKMUON OXO\Qc p\YjOM^] ^RK^ wY\U KQKSX]^ ^RO ]^\K^OQSM SX^O\O]^] YP MY]MYw. OP MY_\]O, K^ Y^RO\ ^SmO], AXUK\K RK] ]_ppY\^ON R_]]SKX p\YjOM^] 4 ]_MR K] ^RO BV_O S^\OKm QK] pSpOVSXO KM\Y]] ^RO BVKMU SOK.<br><br> A ]OMYXN pY^OX^SKV wONQO bO^wOOX T_\UOc KXN R_]]SK S] ^RO ]cmpK^Rc POV^ bc mKXc SX ^RO AKP PY\ ^RO CROMROX MK_]O. MY\OYvO\, mKXc YP AXUK\K 9] Y^RO\ pYVSMSO] SX ^RO wSNO\ BVKMU SOK \OQSYX YppY]O R_]]SKX SX^O\O]^]. TRO]O pYVSMSO] SXMV_NO ]_ppY\^ PY\ KY]YvY 9] SXNOpOXNOXMO KXN T_\UOc 9] MYYpO\K^SYX wS^R GOY\QSK KXN AzO\bKSjKX YX OXO\Qc p\YjOM^].<br><br> TRO]O NcXKmSM] \OvOKV wRc T_\UOc 9] \OVK^SYX]RSp wS^R R_]]SK S] MRK\KM^O\SzON bc K mSx^_\O YP MYmpO^S^SYX KXN MYYpO\K^SYX. AXUK\K \OMYQXSzO] ^RK^ R_]]SK S] K Q\OK^ pYwO\ KXN ^RO\OPY\O ]OOU] MVY]O\ ^SO] K] K vORSMVO ^Y OX]_\O ]^\K^OQSM NOp^R. TRS] S] KX SX^O\O]^SXQ NOvOVYpmOX^ bOMK_]O ^RO Q\OK^ pYwO\ ^RK^ T_\UOc RK] RS]^Y\SMKVVc ]SNON wS^R S] ^RO UXS^ON S^K^O].<br><br> B_^ SX ^RO pK]^ POw cOK\], AmO\SMK 9] ]^KXNSXQ SX T_\UOc RK] wKXON. AXUK\K S] SXM\OK]SXQVc KmbSvKVOX^ KbY_^ ^RO _^SVS^c YP ]Y ]^\YXQ K \OVK^SYX]RSp wS^R ^RO U.S. TRS] NS]KPPOM^SYX RK] \O]_V^ON P\Ym WK]RSXQ^YX 9] _XwSVVSXQXO]] (_X^SV \OMOX^Vc) ^Y ^KUO wRK^ T_\UOc bOVSOvON ^Y bO XOMO]]K\c ]^Op] KQKSX]^ ^RO PKK SX NY\^R- O\X I\Kq, b_^ KV]Y P\Ym AmO\SMK 9] OmpRK]S] YX NOmYM\KMc p\YmY^SYX SX ^RO BVKMU SOK \OQSYX KXN bOcYXN.<br><br> WRSVO b_SVNSXQ NOmYM\KMc S] K XYbVO YbjOM^SvO 4 YXO ^RK^ S] ]_ppY\^ON bc T_\UOc 4 AmO\SMK 9] NOmYM- \KMc-p\YmY^SYX OPPY\^] SX ^RO \OQSYX RKvO MYX^\Sb_^ON ^Y SX]^KbSVS^c KXN \OvYV_^SYX. TRO '%%( RY]O ROvYV_^SYX SX GOY\QSK wK] PYVVYwON SX '%%) bc ^RO O\KXQO ROvYV_^SYX SX UU\KSXO. MKXc T_\U] PS\mVc bOVSOvO ^RK^ ^RO AmO\SMKX \YVO SX ^RO]O \OvYV_^SYX] wK] m_MR ]^\YXQO\ KXN mY\O NS\OM^ ^RK^ S^ ^\_Vc wK] 4 KX YpSXSYX ^RK^ S] ]RK\ON bc mKXc R_]]SKX].<br><br> IX PKM^, _XOK]O wS^R AmO\SMKX cSX^O\PO\OXMO d SX ^RO BVKMU SOK \OQSYX RK] bOOX KX SmpY\^KX^ _XSPcSXQ S]]_O PY\ T_\UOc KXN R_]]SK. T_\UOc NYO] XY^ RKvO K ]pOMSPSM UU\KSXO pYVSMc; \OVK^SYX] K\O mY]^Vc bK]ON YX ^\KNO, wS^R AXUK\K ]OX]S^SvO ^Y R_]]SK 9] SX^O\O]^] SX ^RS] pSvY^KV MY_X^\c. AV^RY_QR SX ^RO pK]^ cOK\ Y\ ^wY UU\KSXO RK] bOOX ^YY PYM_]ON YX NYmO]^SM ^_\mYSV ^Y pVKMO m_MR OmpRK]S] YX PY\OSQX pYVSMc, ^RO MY_X^\c RK] YPPSMSKVVc NOMVK\ON S^] SX^OX^SYX] ^Y p_\]_O EU mOm- bO\]RSp.<br><br> UXVSUO T_\UOc, UU\KSXO S] XY^ KM^SvOVc OXQKQON SX KMMO]]SYX XOQY^SK^SYX] wS^R ^RO EU KXN S] XY^ VSUOVc ^Y bOQSX ^ROm KXc^SmO ]YYX. HYwOvO\, ^RO EU RK] ]^SVV mKNO OPPY\^] ^Y NOOpOX \OVK^SYX] 4 pK\^SM_VK\Vc YX OXO\Qc 4 wS^R UU\KSXO SX \OMOX^ cOK\]. Turkey and the Wider Black Sea Region 95 Southeastern Europe T_\UOc 9] \OVK^SYX] wS^R ^RO MY_X^\SO] YP ]Y_^ROK]^O\X E_\YpO RKvO bOOX SXf_OXMON bc ^RO VOQKMc YP ^RO O^^YmKX EmpS\O, wRSMR MYX- q_O\ON ^RS] \OQSYX SX ^RO &amp;)^R KXN &amp;*^R MOX^_\SO].<br><br> TRO PKM^ ^RK^ ^RO]O ]^K^O] wY_VN RKvO ]YmO VK^OX^ _XOK]SXO]] Y\ RY]^SVS^c ^YwK\N] ^ROS\ YXO-^SmO YvO\VY\N] S] XY^ ]_\p\S]SXQ. 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CYX]^\_M^SYX wSVV ]YYX bOQSX YX KX KmbS^SY_] \KSV\YKN p\YjOM^ ]^\O^MRSXQ P\Ym BKU_ 100 The Wider Black Sea Region in the 21st Century * T_\US]R OxpY\^] ^Y AzO\bKSjKX K\O mY\O ^RKX ^R\OO ^SmO] Q\OK^O\ ^RKX SmpY\^] P\Ym AzO\- bKSjKX. T_\US]R IX]^S^_^O YP S^K^S]^SM], KvKSVKbVO K^ R^^p://www.^_\U]^K^.QYv.^\/ VO\SBSVQS.NY?<br><br> ^b_SN = &amp;'&amp;_]^_SN=). ^R\Y_QR TbSVS]S KXN ^O\mSXK^SXQ SX KK\], K T_\US]R MS^c XOK\ ^RO GOY\QSKX bY\NO\. TRO]O SXP\K]^\_M^_\O VSXUKQO] RKvO Q\OK^Vc ]^\OXQ^ROXON ^RO pYVS^SMKV KXN OMYXYmSM SX^OQ\K^SYX YP GOY\QSK, T_\UOc, KXN AzO\bKSjKX.<br><br> A\mOXSK KXN AzO\bKSjKX 9] XOSQRbY\ SX ^RO CK_MK]_], GOY\QSK, KV]Y OXjYc K MVY]O \OVK^SYX]RSp wS^R T_\UOc. TRS] pK\^XO\]RSp RK] bVY]- ]YmON ^RKXU] ^Y ^RO SXvYVvOmOX^ YP GOY\QSK wS^R AzO\bKSjKX KXN T_\UOc YX ^RO OXO\Qc KXN ^\KX]pY\^K^SYX p\YjOM^] j_]^ NO]M\SbON. GOY\QSK S] ^RO M\S^SMKV ^\KX]S^ MY_X^\c P\Ym ^RO CK]pSKX \OQSYX ^Y ^RO BVKMU SOK, KXN ^RO VSXU bO^wOOX T_\UOc KXN AzO\bKSjKX.<br><br> GOY\QSK S] KV]Y wRO\O ^RO R_]]SKX KXN O^^YmKX EmpS\O] MKmO MVY]O]^, KXN wRO\O R_]]SKX KXN T_\US]R pYVSMSO] ]YmO^SmO MVK]R. A] XY^ON OK\VSO\, ^RO VOKNO\]RSp SX AXUK\K \OMOSvON ^RO '%%( RY]O ROvYV_^SYX wS^R KXxSO^c. AbYvO KVV OV]O, T_\UOc ]OOU] ]^KbSVS^c SX S^] GOY\QSKX XOSQRbY\, KXN S^ RK] bOOX XO\vY_] KbY_^ ^RO SKKUK]RvSVS QYv- O\XmOX^ 9] MYXP\YX^K^SYXKV pY]S^SYX ^YwK\N] MY]MYw.<br><br> AXUK\K NYO] XY^ bOVSOvO K pOKMOP_V \O]YV_^SYX YP ^RO P\YzOX MYXPVSM^] SX AbURKzSK KXN SY_^R O]]O^SK S] pY]]SbVO wS^RY_^ ^RO SXvYVvOmOX^ YP R_]]SK, Y\ bOPY\O KmSMKbVO \OVK^SYX] RKvO bOOX O]^KbVS]RON bO^wOOX R_]]SK KXN GOY\QSK. OX AbURKzSK, T_\UOc RK] Q\OK^ pY^OX^SKV ^Y KM^ K] K mONSK^Y\ K] ^RO\O K\O mY\O AbURKz VSvSXQ SX T_\UOc ^RKX SX AbURKzSK. A^ ^SmO], T_\UOc RK] ^\SON ^Y pVKc j_]^ ]_MR K \YVO, b_^ RK] XOvO\ QSvOX S^ ^RO MYX]S]^OX^ PYM_] ^RS] ^K]U \Oq_S\O].<br><br> I^ RK] KV]Y bOOX \OV_M^KX^ ^Y ^KUO KXc KM^SYX SX GOY\QSK (SXMV_NSXQ AbURKzSK) ^RK^ MY_VN S\\S^K^O R_]]SK. NYXO^ROVO]], AXUK\K RK] ]SNON wS^R ^RO WO]^O\X KVVSKXMO SX Oxp\O]]SXQ ]_ppY\^ PY\ GOY\QSK 9] P_\^RO\ SX^OQ\K^SYX SX^Y ^RO E_\Y-A^VKX^SM P\KmOwY\U 4 SXMV_NSXQ ^RK^ MY_X^\c 9] OvOX^_KV mOmbO\]RSp SX NATO. IX PKM^, T_\UOc S] RYmO ^Y NATO 9] PK\^XO\]RSp PY\ POKMO ^\KSXSXQ MOX^O\ KXN RK] bOOX \O]pYX]SbVO PY\ ^\KSXSXQ ^RY_]KXN] YP pO\]YXXOV P\Ym GOY\QSK (K] wOVV K] AzO\bKSjKX KXN COX^\KV A]SK).<br><br> Turkey and the Wider Black Sea Region 101

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