Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Job Functions Within The

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Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry Prepared by the National Telecommunications Safety Panel Ergonomics Subcommittee Issued April 2004 Disclaimer This document has been developed by Safety representatives from major telecommunications companies across the United States as a guideline for Ergonomics in the telecommunications Industry. This guideline is based on our collective experiences and is intended to assist telecommunications companies in developing their own ergonomics program. Any adoption of these guidelines is made at the users 9 own discretion and volition and in doing so the users are forewarned that the guidelines are not guaranteed to reduce and / or prevent ergonomic illnesses.

Companies in our industry are free to adopt or reject this guideline. Neither the adoption nor the rejection of this guideline shall be construed as an admission that our industry has an ergonomic issue. No third party shall have the right to enforce or benefit from this guideline.

No third party may force any company within our industry to adopt or reject this guideline for any purpose (s). Furthermore, the guideline lacks the force of law and may not be used against our industry by any regulatory agency. This document is not intended to be construed ... more. less.

as a recommendation to any manufacturer to modify or change any of its products to conform to the guideline. This document does not represent any commitment by the developers to purchase any product, whether or not it provides the described characteristics of this guideline. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel or otherwise any license or right under any patent, whether or not the use of any information herein necessarily employs an invention of any existing or later issued patent. The developers of this document do not recommend products and nothing contained herein is intended as a recommendation of any product to anyone. Special thanks to the Developers of this Document Eric Allgaier Nextel Lynn Alpaugh AT&T Frank Bannister Sprint Marshall Berry BellSouth Art Farmer Cincinnati Bell John Quinlan Verizon Marie Robinson SBC Kathy Turner BellSouth Mike Beekman Qwest Table of Contents Introduction A - 1 Ergonomics Program Elements B - 1 Outside Plant Environment C - 1 Handling Extension Ladders C - 2 Handling Lashing Machine C - 5 Removing and Replacing a Manhole Cover C - 7 Splicing Cable C - 10 Placing Equipment into and out of a Manhole C - 13 Handling Cable Reels C - 15 Collecting Coin Boxes C - 17 Pole Climbing C - 20 Power Tools C - 23 Jack Hammer C - 26 Central Office Environment D - 1 Wire Wrapping / Unwrapping D - 2 Wire Stripping D - 5 Working on a Ladder in the Central Office D - 8 Handling Wire Reels D - 11 Pushing and Dragging Material D - 13 Kneeling while Working D - 16 Office Environment E 3 1 Typing E - 2 Mousing and Alternative Input Devices E - 8 Sitting E - 17 Reaching E - 22 Phone Use E - 27 Viewing Monitor E - 31 Appendix Alliance Between OSHA and the National Telecommunications Safety Panel (NTSP) OSHA News Release cNational Telecommunications Safety Panel Aligns with OSHA d Introduction A - 1 Introduction Ergonomics is the study of the way people, their equipment, tools, and the environment work together. Ergonomics seeks to adapt the environment in order to ensure people 9s productivity, comfort, and safety. The word ergonomics comes from the Greek word ergon meaning work, and nomos meaning laws. In other words, ergonomics literally means the laws of work. One type of injury that may be avoided by eliminating risk factors in the work environment is a Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD). Cumulative Trauma Disorders or CTDs refer to disorders of the soft tissues, including those of the muscles, tendons, and nerves. CTDs are associated with repeated exertions, or movements of the body, awkward postures, and extreme force. CTD risk factors can be found in activities both on and off the job, and can lead to muscle fatigue. Fatigue commonly leads to discomfort, and to a reduction in endurance, strength, and muscle control . The differentiating factor between a CTD and another type of injury is the acuteness of the injury. Acute trauma refers to injuries that occur immediately such as cuts, bruises, and falls. Some cumulative trauma injuries may appear to be sudden, but can be the result of exposure to CTD risk factors over time . Exposure to CTD risk factors is correlated with the development of CTDs. These CTD risk factors are not necessarily causative, but research has shown an association or relationship . The mere presence of a CTD risk factor does not necessarily constitute the development of a CTD. It is theorized that the likelihood of developing a CTD is greater with a higher exposure to a greater number of risk factors. CTD Risk Factors Listed below are examples of potential CTD risk factors. Exposure to CTD risk factors is correlated with the development of CTDs. These CTD risk factors are not necessarily causative, but research has shown an association or relationship. The mere presence of a CTD risk factor does not necessarily constitute the development of a CTD. It is theorized that the likelihood of developing a CTD is greater with a higher exposure to a greater number of risk factors. CTD Risk Factors Description Static Posture Maintaining a stationary position for extended periods of time. Awkward Posture Any fixed or constrained body positions other than neutral alignment. Neutral posture occurs when the natural tensions of the muscles are relaxed. If an extreme posture is sustained or combined with high forces, it can place a person at a greater risk of injury. Introduction A - 2 CTD Risk Factors Description Repetition High numbers of similar wrist, hand, or leg movements. Repetitive motions can act to combine the effects of fatigue, force and posture to create an increased risk of injury. Forceful Exertion Excessive force or strength used to perform a job, as in gripping or lifting. Force can be applied by an object to a body part, or internally within the body. Contact Stress Long-term pressure on soft tissue and underlying nerves, such as the palm or forearm. Excessive Vibration Vibrations are most commonly transmitted to workers through tools, controls, or contact with vibrating work surfaces. Vibration primarily affects circulation and nerve function. Extreme Cold Temperatures Cold is typically transmitted to the person from tools, work surfaces, and the environment. The primary effect of cold is that it triggers the body 9s natural response to reduce circulation to the affected area. Work Structure A person 9s work structure is defined by job factors such as organization design, job design, incentive systems, and management policies and styles. Research has shown that these variables can affect the incidence of CTDs Non-occupational Activities Non-occupational activities can sometimes expose a person to many of the risk factors described above. Individual Factors Certain medical conditions and anatomical differences are known to increase an individual 9s risk of developing a CTD. Principles of Good Body Mechanics One of the ways we can enhance safety is by using our own bodies as effectively and efficiently as possible through the use of the principles of good body mechanics. Here are some general tips to keep in mind: B...Back " Maintain the natural curves of your back/spine " Pay particular attention to the normal inward curve of your lower back (the lumbar region) A...Arms " Keep your arms as close to your body as possible " Hold the weight close to your body and at waist height " Remember to keep elbows in and palms up (or in neutral) to stabilize the shoulder joint T...Twisting " Avoid trunk twisting when turning " Move your feet by pivoting or side-stepping " Keep in mind that if your shoulders are not positioned in the same plane as your hips, your trunk is twisted Introduction A - 3 B...Base of Support " Place your feet shoulder width apart and staggered (one slightly in front of the other) L..Legs " Use the large muscles of your legs and buttocks to generate the force for movement; use your own body weight as a counter-weight " Bending at the hips and the knees allows your leg and buttocks muscles to be active E...Evaluate " Think before you act " Evaluate your load and the environment It may be difficult to adhere completely to every principle every time. However, by keeping these principles in mind, you have the ability to set up each situation using as many principles as possible to enhance the safety of yourself. Resources Professional Associations American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) http://www.aiha.org/ American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) http://www.asse.org/ National Safety Council (NSC) http://www.nsc.org/ National Telecommunications Safety Panel http://www.telsafe.org/ Human Factors and Ergonomics Society http://www.hfes.org Governmental and Standards Agencies American National Standards Institute http://www.ansi.org/ American Public Health Association (APHA) http://www.apha.org/public_health/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov Construction Occupational Safety & Health 3 Electronic Library http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/elcosh/ Department of Energy http://tis.eh.doe.gov Legislative Information on the Internet http://thomas.loc.gov/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html State Regulations & Activity : State Ergonomics Regulations : http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/state_plan.html Introduction A - 4 Federal Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) http://www.osha.gov A Four-Pronged, Comprehensive Approach Effective ergonomics is part of OSHA's overall strategy for reducing workplace injuries and illnesses. OSHA has developed a four-pronged comprehensive approach to ergonomics that the agency believes will quickly and effectively address MSDs in the workplace. The four segments of OSHA's strategy for successfully reducing injuries and illnesses from MSDs in the workplace are: " The development of industry-or-task-specific ergonomic guidelines " Enforcement " Outreach and Assistance " Research Ergonomics Program Elements B - 1 Ergonomics Program Elements Experience has shown that successful ergonomic programs contain common elements. These elements typically include all, or some combination of, the following: " Management Commitment " Employee Participation " Recognizing and Evaluating Risk Factors " Controlling Risk Factors " Training " Health Care Management " Program Evaluation Each element is discussed in more detail below. Telecommunications companies are encouraged to utilize these elements and modify them as needed to meet the goals of their particular organizations. Successful ergonomics programs are characterized by a dynamic approach where the objective is continual process improvement. Management Commitment The benefits of an ergonomics program, like all health and safety programs, are greatly enhanced when management at all levels is committed to its success. Management commitment may be demonstrated by any or all of the following actions: " A policy statement that recognizes the value of an ergonomics program to the organization, defines goals to be achieved, and encourages employees to participate. " Assignment of specific persons within the organization to take responsibility for the various aspects of the ergonomics program. These persons should also be authorized to take the appropriate actions necessary to achieve the goals of the program. " Provide the resources necessary to implement the program. This may include employee time, tools, furniture, training materials, consultants, and/or other resources as deemed appropriate to meet the specific ergonomic requirements of the organization. " Implement changes to the program as identified by employee feedback, injury/illness results, and/or periodic program review. Ensure the individuals having responsibility for the ergonomics program meet regularly to understand whether objectives are being met and modify elements as needed to attain the desired outcome. Ergonomics Program Elements B - 2 Employee Participation Ergonomics programs tend to achieve more positive results when employees actively participate. The potential benefits of employee involvement include: " Enhanced worker motivation and job satisfaction, " Added problem-solving capabilities, " Greater acceptance of change, " Greater knowledge of their work environment and organization. Employee input is valuable in understanding job functions more thoroughly, determining potential risk factors associated with jobs, and evaluating possible control measures. Participation methods will vary according to the size, labor status, department structure, and geographic distribution of a particular organization. Participation may consist of group, individual activities, or both. Group participation typically consists of general safety teams, or teams specifically formed to address ergonomic issues. Depending upon the size and characteristics of the organization, these teams may be organized on a company-wide, department, or work group level. Team membership will vary depending upon the company and the goals of the particular group, and may include: " Safety and industrial hygiene personnel, " Health care providers, " Human resource personnel, " Engineering personnel, " Facilities and maintenance personnel, " Ergonomics specialists, " Labor representatives, if applicable. To ensure the success of an ergonomics team, the members should receive some basic instruction on the following topics before beginning their efforts: " The goals and expectations of the team and its members, " Hazard recognition and control as it applies to ergonomics " Basic problem solving principles " Any limitations the team may be working under, e.g. budget. Individual employees should also be encouraged to participate in ergonomics programs by promptly reporting unsafe working conditions as well as promptly reporting any signs and symptoms of health problems that may be related to their work environment. Other means of individual participation could include employee surveys or suggestion programs. Recognizing and Evaluating Risk Factors In order to implement ergonomic solutions, the jobs or job functions that pose possible risks must first be identified and evaluated. Definitions of ergonomic risk factors are Ergonomics Program Elements B - 3 described in the Introduction section of this document and are discussed in detail in the Common Job Functions section. Methods of gathering information about particular jobs could include: " Reviewing injury reports, worker 9s compensation claims, and medical reports for injuries typically associated with ergonomic risk factors, or trends associated with particular jobs. " Logging worker complaints regarding pain or discomfort while performing a certain task, or complaints about tools or workstation design. " Interviewing workers and supervisors about the job. " Conducting walk-through surveys of the work environment. " Using checklists to identify characteristics of the job function. " Performing job hazard analyses. Job hazard analysis breaks a job into its various elements or actions, describes them, measures and quantifies risk factors inherent in the elements, and identifies conditions contributing to the risk factors. A complete description of the job is obtained and the job is broken down into a number of discrete tasks. Tasks can typically be described in terms of the: " Tools, equipment, and materials used to perform the job; " Workstation layout and physical environment; and " Task demands. Each task is then studied to determine the specific risk factors that may occur during that task. Information may be gathered by: " Observing and/or videotaping workers performing the tasks. " Taking photos to illustrate work postures, workstation layout, tools, etc. " Taking measurements of workstation parameters, (e.g. surface heights, reach distances, etc.) " Measuring tool handle sizes, weighing tools and parts, measuring tool vibration. " Determining characteristics of work surfaces such as slip resistance, hardness, and sharp edges. " Measuring exposures to heat, cold, and whole body vibration. " Biomechanical calculations, (e.g. muscle forces required to lift, push, pull, etc.) Information gained from the job hazard analysis process and other sources can then be evaluated, prioritized, and utilized to implement hazard control strategies. Controlling Risk Factors Ergonomic risk factors may be minimized or controlled by utilizing one or a combination of the following methods: " Engineering controls " Administrative controls " Personal protective equipment Ergonomics Program Elements B - 4 Detailed descriptions of control methods specific to tasks in the telecommunications industry are discussed in the Common Job Functions section of this document. Engineering controls refer to changing the physical characteristics of the task and they are the preferred method for controlling ergonomic risk factors. Examples of engineering controls include, but are not limited to: " Changing the workstation layout, i.e. adjusting the seating height, work surface height, reach distances, lighting, adding ancillaries such as footrests and keyboard trays, etc. " Using mechanical means to lift, hold and/or transport materials instead of manual lifting " Changing the design of tools (handles, weight, etc.) to place less stress on the user " Using power tools in place of manual tools " Substituting lighter weight materials in the work process " Eliminating or minimizing sources of vibration Administrative controls are work practices and policies designed to prevent or minimize exposures to risk factors. Administrative controls rely heavily on employee cooperation to be effective. These controls may be helpful as temporary measures until engineering controls can be implemented, or when engineering controls are not feasible. Employees must be trained on the proper procedures and management must provide oversight of the process for it to be successful. Examples of administrative controls may include: " Rotating workers from physically demanding jobs to less physically demanding jobs " Reducing shift length or scheduling more breaks " Training employees to recognize risk factors and avoid them whenever possible " Ensuring that employees are utilizing good postures and using tools & equipment properly " Evaluating the ergonomic characteristics of tools and equipment before they are purchased " Reviewing new job functions for ergonomic risk factors before they are implemented " Requiring two persons for handling heavy loads " Varying the job content to reduce repetitive movements and/or static postures " Reducing the work pace of the job " Instructing employees on exercise and/or stretching techniques Personal protective equipment, such as wrist braces and back belts, is generally considered to be the least effective means of controlling ergonomic risk factors and should be used under the guidance of a health care professional. Training Training is an important component of any effective ergonomics program. The goal of ergonomics training should be to enable managers, supervisors, and employees to identify aspects of job tasks that involve potential risk factors, recognize signs and Ergonomics Program Elements B - 5 symptoms of possible ergonomic-related disorders, and participate in the development of control measures. It is generally recommended that all employees receive basic ergonomics awareness training that may include any or all of the following topics: " How to recognize ergonomic risk factors both on and off the job " How to recognize signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD 9s) that may be related to the work environment " The organization 9s procedures for reporting job-related risk factors " General principles for controlling ergonomic risk factors, (e.g. proper postures, lifting technique, etc.) In addition to the basic awareness training, employees who are involved in evaluating jobs for risk factors, and recommending and implementing control measures, should be provided more training in such topics as: " Ergonomic principles and identification of risk factors " Methods for performing job hazard analyses " Types of engineering controls that may be applicable to the job " Types of administrative controls that may be applicable to the job " Problem solving procedures " Team building techniques Health Care Management Health care management and health care providers can be an important component of a comprehensive ergonomics program. Health care management is useful in promoting early detection and prompt intervention and treatment of work related injuries. In general, the earlier symptoms are identified and treated, the less likely a more serious disorder will develop. The health care provider should work closely with the employer to achieve these goals. Responsibilities of the health care provider may include: " Promptly evaluating employees who report signs and symptoms of MSD 9s " Recommending appropriate treatment for employees diagnosed with MSD 9s " Determining work restrictions for injured employees " Assisting with workplace accommodations for disabled employees " Ensuring the privacy of medical information as required by law " Assisting in the evaluation of control measures for ergonomic risk factors Program Evaluation Ergonomics programs should be reviewed and evaluated periodically to determine if they are achieving the desired goals. Some of the factors that may be evaluated during an overall ergonomics program review could include: " The number of employees reporting signs and symptoms of MSD 9s " The number of employees diagnosed with work-related MSD 9s " The severity of work-related MSD 9s Ergonomics Program Elements B - 6 " Changes in productivity for particular jobs When program deficiencies are identified by the review process, appropriate measures should be implemented to correct any problems or enhance program effectiveness. In addition, when specific control measures are implemented, a follow-up evaluation should be conducted to determine the effectiveness of the controls. One of the goals of a successful ergonomics program should be to strive for continuous improvement. References: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 1997, Elements of Ergonomics Programs: A Primer based on Workplace Evaluations of Musculoskeletal Disorders . Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 1 Outside Plant Environment Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Handling Extension Ladders Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 2 Description of Work Environment This job function includes all aspects of working with and carrying extension ladders. Specifics include removing the ladder from the work vehicle, carrying the ladder to the job sight, extending and placement of the ladder for work, collapsing the ladder and returning to and mounting on the vehicle. This function is normally performed outside in various types of terrain and weather conditions. Removing ladder from vehicle Carrying ladder to and from job site Extending and collapsing ladder Job Function: Handling Extension Ladders Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Handling Extension Ladders Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 3 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Forces on the Spine Awkward Shoulder Postures Force on the Hand Back Shoulder Hand Weight of Ladder (35-90 lbs. or more depending on size) Icy, Slippery Conditions, Unknown Terrain, Windy Conditions Methods of carrying the ladder Pulling rope and placing ladder into position Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Use a two 3 person carry method for ladders over 28 9 Use a hand line over strand or comparable procedures to raise and lower ladder on windy days Use a pad on the shoulder or use a LadderTote (see resources) Place indicator on ladder to show the center of balance to the employee Suitcase handle on the side of ladder (Werner) Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Handling Extension Ladders Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 4 Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term Rotational (Swing down) ladder racks (see resources) Handle on the rear of the vehicle to assist employee 9s stability while accessing the ladder Lighter weight ladders Use a cladder trolley d where terrain or conditions permit (see resources) Use wheel steps or other cstep-up d designs for better access to the ladder when in the rack (see resources) Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation LadderTote http://www.independenttech.com/ Swing-Down Ladder Rack www.primedesign.net www.masterack.com Ladder Trolley Sur-Loc Industries www.surloc.com Wheel Steps Curtis Industries 1-800-555-2878 Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Handling Lashing Machine Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 5 Description of Work Environment This function involves using a lashing machine, which typically weighs 50 to 100 lbs. and secures telephone cable to steel support strand. The typical job involves transferring by hand, the lasher from the truck to a worker in a bucket or using a handline to pull the lasher up a pole to the working height. Once the lasher is at the working height, it is placed on the strand and can be pulled along either by hand or mechanical means (i.e. line truck) to secure the cable. The lasher must be lifted and transferred around poles or other obstructions. Use of a lasher is along a pole line and typically adjacent to a roadway. The lashing machine can be used during most weather conditions, however it is typically used during non-inclement conditions. Job Function: Handling Lashing Machine Primary Task #2 Primary Task Lasher hoisted to worker in bucket Lasher is placed onto cable and pulled along by a ground worker Lasher is taken from cable and placed in bucket and lowered to ground Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Handling Lashing Machine Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 6 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Pulling forces Twisting of the lower back High speed/jerking movements Forward Bending Awkward shoulder movements (reaching) Force Back Shoulders Hands Weight of the lashing machine (weight can range from 50 to over 100 lbs.) Manual pulling of lashing machine by hand Requirement of manually transferring the lashing machine Restricted movement in the bucket or on the pole Must bend at the waist to access lasher Handling lasher away from the body (i.e., arms extended) Setting up lasher, connecting towing ring snap hook, clamp openings, pulling gate. Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Use good body mechanics and lifting techniques whenever possible. Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term Investigate employing a mechanical lifting device to assist in lasher handling. Consider attaching a hoist to the bucket. One conception of the hoist would be to hang the lasher from a cable attached to the powered winch and a retractable boom. The retractable boom would allow the worker to guide the lasher around poles. This hoist could be used to lift other equipment to the bucket. Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation Contact appropriate vendors for mechanical/powered lifting device possibilities. http://www.littlehercules.com/ http://www.superwinch.com/ Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Removing and Replacing Manhole covers Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 7 Description of Work Environment In this task, the technician uses a tool with a hook on one end to unseat the manhole cover. This enables the technicians to pull and drag the cover away from the opening. There are a variety of different tools used to unseat the cover such as the J- Hook (a.k.a. B manhole cover hook) and the Easy Pull (Fulcrum bar). This task is normally performed out doors and can be affected by the environmental conditions such as rain, ice, snow, etc. Job Function: Removing and Replacing Manhole Covers Primary Task #2 Primary Task Employee using easy pull tool to unseat the manhole cover Employee using the J-Hook tool to unseat the manhole cover Employee using easy pull tool to unseat the manhole cover Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Removing and Replacing Manhole covers Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 8 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Excessive pulling forces Heavy lifting Forceful exertion High speed jerking movements Awkward postures Back / neck / shoulders / lower limbs Hands / wrists / arms Weight of the manhole cover (varies between 100 to 500 lbs.). Environmental conditions can reduce footing such as snow, ice or other surface conditions. Frozen conditions make the manhole more difficult to remove. Two person removal for Type "A" manhole covers. Using a wooden block and heavy hammer to loosen manhole cover that cannot be readily lifted. Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Provide training to employees about positioning themselves in the proper posture lifting and while dragging the manhole cover. Use the Easy Pull or Fulcrum Bar since a Liberty Mutual Research Center study has shown that there are 50% less forces on the spine if employees use the Easy Pull rather than the J- Hook. Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term None at this time Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Removing and Replacing Manhole covers Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 9 Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation Use the Easy Pull or Fulcrum Bar since a Liberty Mutual Research Center study has shown that there are 50% less forces on the spine if employees use the Easy Pull rather than the J- Hook. Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Splicing Cable Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 10 Description of Work Environment The job of splicing cable involves reconnecting or connecting cable wires using a crimping tool. The process involves opening up the sheath around the cable (also called ringing the cable), separating and tagging the wires, placing wires into the crimping tool, placing a connector into the tool, and squeezing the tool to join the wires. Cable splicing is done in all types of weather and terrain. The job function of cable splicing takes place at pedestals, trenches, splice pits, manholes and aerial cable applications. The technician normally sits for long periods of time on what 9s commonly called a cbutt box. d Job Function: Splicing Cable Primary Task #2 Primary Task Employee separating the wires Employee using a crimping tool Employee sitting on a cbutt box d Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Splicing Cable Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 11 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Forceful exertion Repetitive wrist movements Repetitive pinch grips Awkward posture Awkward posture 3 Continuous forward leaning. Seated task without lower back support and unpadded butt box Continuous and static reaching in front of body External pressure to legs Hands/Wrists Back/Neck Buttocks Shoulders Lower Limbs Force required to squeeze the crimping tool Stripping the wire Twisting the wires Placing wires and connectors into the crimping tool Wide span required to grasp the crimping tool Sitting on box with no back support Height of wire bundle and splicing tool Restricted space in some cases Unpadded butt box Height of wire bundle and splicing tool Lack of support for the arms Sitting on unpadded butt box for long periods of time Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Position yourself so that the cable wire cluster is at a height and distance from the body, which offers maximum comfort. The height of the cable should be about elbow height or slightly higher. The cable should be in close to the body so that the arms are not fully extended. Investigate the use of a mechanical clamping device for squeezing the crimping tool. This could be a foot-activated device or air powered tool. Use a seat pad or padded seat when sitting on a butt box. Ensure the tools are well maintained in order to reduce the force required to perform the task. Provide ergonomic training for proper body mechanics. http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article895.html http://www.healthnetfederalservices.com/bene/bh6_4_3_tip3.asp http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/index.html Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Splicing Cable Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 12 Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term Work with a vendor or manufacturer of crimping tool to explore modifications. Modifications might include reduction in grip span, reduction in force required to actuate tool, mechanical assistance. Investigate the use of improved seating for performing splicing tasks. There are seats available that are padded, height adjustable and have backrests. Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation Hydraulic crimping tools http://www.3m.com/ 3 3M 4030 Air/Hydraulic Crimping Unit http://www.amp.com http://www.uteck.com/ Padded 8butt box 9 U 3 Teck work center ergo seat AMP VS3 hand tool retrofit Padded Butt Box U 3 Teck work center ergo seat Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Placing Equipment into and out of a manhole Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 13 Description of Work Environment Placing equipment into and out of a manhole involves lifting, lowering, pushing or pulling items into or out of a manhole. Examples of potential injury causing activities include: lifting a pulley or cbull d wheel out of a manhole, lifting sleeves from a manhole, and transferring a water pump into or out of a manhole. Prior to placing equipment into and out of a manhole, the manhole cover needs to be removed. For more information about removing and replacing a manhole cover, refer to the section cRemoving and Replacing Manhole Covers. d Primary Task #2 Primary Task Handling equipment in awkward positions Overhead reaching and other awkward positions Primary Task #1 Primary Task #2 Primary Task #3 Job Function: Placing Equipment Into and Out of a Manhole Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Placing Equipment into and out of a manhole Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 14 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Excessive lifting forces High speed/jerking movements Excessive force Awkward postures Back / Arms / Shoulders Back / Lower Limbs Hand Back and shoulders Weight of the item handled Lack of adequate hand holds Icy & snowy conditions can reduce footing and make item more difficult to handle Gripping a rope or equipment while transferring within a small space. Restricted space through manhole Standing on ladder or crouching above manhole Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Use a hand line to lower equipment into the manhole preventing the person in the manhole from having to lift or reach overhead. If possible, dismantle or separate a piece of equipment into its component parts to make it lighter. Use good body mechanics and lifting techniques as practical. http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article895.html http://www.healthnetfederalservices.com/bene/bh6_4_3_tip3.asp http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/index.html Provide ergonomic training for proper body mechanics. Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term Use a simple rope and pulley system or hoist for lowering heavy equipment through a manhole opening. The use of a manual winch system or powered hoist could be used in lieu of a manual hoist system. Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation Contact appropriate vendors for mechanical/powered lifting device possibilities. Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Handling Cable Reels Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 15 Description of Work Environment Handling cable reels involves transferring cable and strand reels from staging areas to the back of a truck or onto a trailer. This task involves pushing heavy reels, which can weigh several hundred pounds to several thousand pounds. The orientation of a reel is changed often in order to prepare it for loading. Sometimes one reel must be moved manually to access another. A reel must be unloaded from the transport vehicle when it is empty. Hydraulic power and winches may be available for the actual lifting of the reel but rotation and some pushing of large reels is often required of the employee during loading and staging. Job Function: Handling Cable Reels Primary Task #2 Primary Task Pushing a cable reel Maneuvering a Cable reel Cable reels in a storage area Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Handling Cable Reels Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 16 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Heavy pushing forces (60-70 pounds or higher) Twisting of the lower back High speed/jerking movements Forward bending Back / Neck / Legs Back / Shoulders Lower Limbs Back Weight of the reel (some reels can weigh from a few hundred pounds to a few thousand pounds) Types of terrain may contribute to more force. Requirement of manually maneuvering reels Arrangement of reels in staging area Must bend at the waist to handle smaller reels Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Use proper body mechanics and safe handling procedures when performing manual pushing tasks involving cable reels. Emphasize that reels should not be pulled because of the safety issues. http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article895.html http://www.healthnetfederalservices.com/bene/bh6_4_3_tip3.asp http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/index.html Use two people to move a larger reel (i.e., 6-foot diameter reels). Investigate re-arranging and/or redesigning the reel staging areas so that the trucks can back up to the desired reel with out having to move the reel to the truck. Arrange reels so sides face each other so truck can access both sides. Use any existing hydraulics or power winches for lifting. Use wooden 2 X 4 as a fulcrum or pry bar to turn the cable reel. Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term Investigate the use of a mechanical lifting device such as a forklift or crane to transfer reels. Have the supplier drop ship the cable reel to the actual job site which eliminates the need for a staging area. Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation Contact appropriate vendors for possible lifting devices. Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Collecting Coin Boxes Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 17 Description of Work Environment General Tasks of a Coin Collector Include: 1. Driving a company vehicle (Panel Truck/Van), safely and courteously, over various assigned routes. 2. Extracting and transporting coin boxes from coin telephones. 3. Inspecting and testing coin stations and referring service troubles to appropriate company personnel. 4. Replacing directories and dialing instruction cards and performing minor maintenance on coin stations. 5. Equipping new stations with necessary security devices. 6. Moving coin boxes from the inside of a collection vehicle to a secure area/storage vault. Job Function: Collecting Coin Boxes Primary Task #2 Primary Task Getting in and out of a vehicle Extracting a coin box from the payphone Carrying coin boxes Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Collecting Coin Boxes Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 18 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Driving 3up to 50% of coin collectors 9 time can be spent driving to work locations. Forceful Exertions, Extracting and Carrying Coin Cans 3 up to 25% of a coin collectors time can be spent walking to van carrying full can to truck. (Can could weigh up to 15lbs. when full) Awkward Repetitive Positions - getting in and out of vehicles, which may have limited or awkward entrance/exit design. Contact Pressure Back Arms, Hands, Back Back, Upper Torso Hand / Finger Traffic safety hazards; potential for vehicle accident; potential for back pain from long term sitting; hazard in inclement weather getting in and out of vehicle 3 ice and snow. Wrist exposure due to repetitive forces applied by the hand (force required to remove and install coin boxes from/to the phone by banging with hand, carrying full can of coins) Exposure to hard metal edges. (coin boxes, pay phones) Awkward wrist posture when extracting coin boxes from pay phone Repetitive wrist movements (i.e., unlocking coin telephone set with electronic key, opening vault door, using bar code reader wand etc.) Repetitive pinch grip ( using electronic key, pulling on coin can, pay phone vault door, coins stuck in top of coin box) Sometimes the coin collector is required to pick up more than one can. Maximum number of cans to that can be picked is six with an approximate weight of 90 lbs. Coin collectors are required to walk up and down stairs to reach public pay phones. Coins are placed in handcart or carried by hand. Entering and exiting vehicle repeatedly Contact pressure on the finger (s) used to extract the coin box from the pay phone. Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Collecting Coin Boxes Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 19 Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Contact Pressure while extracting the coin box can be reduced by using padded gloves. While carrying coin boxes consider decreasing the quantities carried or consider the use of a small two-wheeled cart. To avoid awkward repetitive positions while entering the service area (rear or side doors) of the vehicle, crawl into the vehicle instead of bending forward at the waist. Kneepads may be of benefit if the employee is required to work on his/her knees placing coin boxes into the vehicle. Since driving a vehicle for long periods of time is part of the job of a coin collector, consider providing training to employees on the correct sitting posture in a vehicle and the importance of changing postures throughout the day. Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term Forceful Exertions 3 consider optional tools or ergonomic designed coin box extractor (T-hook) to reduce force on the hand. To avoid awkward postures getting in and out of vehicles, consider redesigning coin collector vehicles for easy exit and entry. Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation Padded Gloves: Safeguard: www.safeguard.com Alimed : www.alimed.com Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Pole Climbing - Unstepped Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 20 Description of Work Environment This function involves a technician climbing an unstepped pole. In this task, the employee safely ascends, maneuvers and descends unstepped poles using climbing gaffs and wearing a tool belt with approximately 25 lbs of tools. The technician must be able to transfer around the pole or other obstructions. Climbing an unstepped pole with gaffs can be done during most weather conditions. Job Function: Pole Climbing 3 Unstepped Primary Task #2 Primary Task Employee securing the gaff to the leg Climbing a pole Working while secured to the pole Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Pole Climbing - Unstepped Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 21 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Awkward Postures Force Joint Stress Hands/ Wrist Arms/ Shoulders/ Knees/ Legs/ Feet/ Lower Back Hands/ Wrist Arms/ Shoulders/ Knees/ Legs/ Feet/ Lower Back Knees Coordination of the hand and leg movements together with the shifting of one's body weight while maintaining body balance as the employee safely ascends, maneuvers or descends an unstepped pole. Excessive forces applied to joints, tendons and muscles associated with employee ascents, maneuvers and descents of an unstepped pole. Loose or dull gaffs will contribute to the employee applying excessive force while climbing. "Locked Knee" refers to when the leg is fully extended and the knee is rigid or locked back to prevent the leg from bending at the knee. The weight of the employee can contribute to joint stress. Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Pole Climbing - Unstepped Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 22 Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Use alternative methods to ascend unstepped telephone poles such as stepped poles, extension ladders and bucket trucks. Provide stirrups that fit properly and are comfortable as this affects a technician's ability to climb. Keep gaffs sharp and inspected for fractured or cracked gaffs or leg irons, loose or dull gaffs, broken straps or buckles. This helps to reduce forces on the technician 9s joints when climbing. For people with small feet and/or have a small stature, supply narrow stirrup that provides a snug fit for technicians. Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term Eliminate the use of utility poles and place telephone cables below grade to reduce the need to climb unstepped poles. Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation Pole climbing gear http://www.buckinghammfg.com/linemen/pcpc.html http://www.klein-tools.com/index.html Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Power Tools Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 23 Description of Work Environment A technician's job function involves using various power assisted hand tools. In these tasks, the technician can use tools such as the hammer rotary drill, hammer demolition drill, hand held electric drills, pneumatic air hammers, lead cutters, impact wrenches, chain saws, etc. These tools are powered by several methods such as pneumatics, hydraulics, gasoline or electrical sources. The power tools are used to attach or remove equipment during placing or removal operations. Power tools can be used in various locations such as in the underground, aerial, and ground settings. The weight of the tool will vary according to its size. Power tools can be used during most weather conditions. Job Function: Power Tools Primary Task #2 Primary Task Technician using a rotary hammer drill Technician using small battery drill Drilling holes in splice case end for cables Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Power Tools Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 24 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Unbalanced tools Vibrating Tools Excessive Torque Grip Force Requirements Cold Temperatures Hands/ Arms/ Tendons/ Shoulders Hands/ Arms/ Tendons/ Shoulders Hands/ Arms/ Tendons/ Shoulders Hands Hands Unbalanced tools can put stress on the small muscles and tendons in the arm and hands. These unbalanced tools also stress the shoulders if used above chest height. Vibrating tools reduce blood flow by constricting blood vessels, cause motion and torque which require a firmer grip and certain vibration frequencies can cause nerve damage. Shock and impact to hands and arms from using power hammers. Forceful tool grip Cold temperatures reduce blood flow by constricting blood vessels. Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Make available gloves with vibration-damping materials in palms and fingers. Be sure tools are well maintained. They should be kept sharp, lubricated, and tuned. Train employees on proper use of equipment and safety precautions on the effects of vibration and methods for reducing exposure. Allow the tool to do the work by using a grip light enough to maintain control. Take rest breaks as needed. Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Power Tools Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 25 Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term Purchase power tools that are well balanced, have vibration-reducing features, and handles that are smooth but not slippery. Powers tools should be made available with torque converters to reduce the chance of sudden stops. Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation Anti-vibration gloves http://www.2protect.com/vibrate.cfm http://www.jackhammer.com/accessories_safetysupplies_home.htm http://alphasourceintl.com/sp/gloves/antivibration.htm Tool wrap http://www.viscolas.com/handgrip/handgrip.html Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Jack Hammer Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 26 Description of Work Environment Jackhammers are used to break asphalt, crack concrete, stone, or other pavement; loosen earth, dig clay, or break rock, to trim bottom or sides of trenches or other excavations; drill holes in concrete; reduce the size of large stones; or tamp earth in backfills. The jackhammer employed by the technicians can weigh between sixty and one hundred pounds. The typical job involves the technician breaking, cutting or cracking pavement and or tamping soil while they lean on the jackhammer to force the drill into the solid material. The technician can insert either an asphalt cutter, chisel point or tamper drill into the chuck to complete these tasks. Taller workers may need a longer blade than the standard asphalt cutter. The jackhammer must be lifted and transferred to the area were work is being performed from the vehicle or tow behind compressor. While cutting, cracking or tamping with the jackhammer, it needs to be lifted and moved repeatedly to complete the task. The jackhammer can be used during most weather conditions, however it is typically not used during inclement conditions. The use of this equipment varies according to job title. Some employees may be assigned to using this equipment fulltime while others will use it intermittently. Job Function: Jackhammer Primary Task #2 Primary Task Lifting jackhammer from storage well on tow behind compressor Shock and impact to hands and arms from using jackhammer When carrying, loading, and unloading, do use a two- person lift in standard Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Jack Hammer Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 27 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Unbalanced jackhammer Vibration Excessive Torque Grip Force Requirements Forceful exertion Hands/ Arms/ Tendons/ Shoulders Lower Back/ Legs/ Feet Hands/ Arms Hands Hands/ Arms/ Tendons/ Shoulders Lower Back/ Legs/ Feet Unbalanced jackhammer will put stress on the small muscles and tendons in the arm and hands. Vibration related to jackhammer use can reduce blood flow by constricting blood vessels, cause motion and torque which require a firmer grip and certain vibration frequencies can cause nerve damage. Shock and impact to hands and arms from using jackhammer. Forceful grip Lifting and moving jackhammer into operating position repeatedly. The weight of the tool and the distance the jack hammer is to be carried. Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Jack Hammer Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 28 Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Make available gloves with vibration-damping materials in palms and fingers. Be sure jackhammers are well maintained. Bits are kept sharp, lubricated, and tuned. Train employees on proper use of equipment and safety precautions on the effects of vibration and methods for reducing exposure. Allow the tool to do the work by using a grip light enough to maintain control. Let the weight of the jackhammer do the work for you. Take rest breaks as needed. Prevent back injuries by using the leg muscles to lift the jackhammer into operating position. When breaking pavement, reduce jack hammering by scheduling saw cuts, scheduling the use of a bobcat with a power point to let the machine take the stress, and using a backhoe or trencher to score and rip soft, thin asphalt . When carrying, loading, and unloading, use a two-person lift in and out of the standard storage bin on a truck. Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term Purchase lightweight jackhammers Purchase jackhammers that are well balanced, have vibration-reducing features and handles that are smooth but not slippery. Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Jack Hammer Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry C - 29 Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation Anti-vibration gloves http://www.2protect.com/vibrate.cfm http://www.jackhammer.com/accessories_safetysupplies_home.htm http://alphasourceintl.com/sp/gloves/antivibration.htm Knee pads http://www.2protect.com/impact.cfm http://doityourself.com/store/kneepads.htm http://www.toolrealm.com/k/Knee_Pads/ Tool wrap http://www.viscolas.com/handgrip/handgrip.html Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry Central Office Environment D - 1 Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Wire Wrapping / Unwrapping Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry D - 2 Description of Work Environment The job function of wire wrapping involves using a wire-wrapping tool in the central office environment. The wire-wrapping tool rotates a wire around a small connector on the block of a frame. Various wire wrapping tools exist; manual, battery operated, and electric. In order to unwrap the wire, the wire has to reverse from the connector on the frame. Again, various tools exist to perform this function. Job Function:Wire Wrapping / Unwrapping Primary Task #2 Primary Task Wire Wrapping using a manual wire-wrapping gun Wire wrapping using a battery operated wire- wrapping gun Wire unwrapping using the traditional unwrap tool Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Wire Wrapping / Unwrapping Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry D - 3 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Awkward Posture Force Repetition Hand / forearm/ elbow and shoulder The wire wrapping tools are limited to one size. The grip span may be too large for smaller hand sizes. Awkward posture can occur when a worker positions their body too high or too low in relationship to the wire that needs to be wrapped. If the wire-wrapping tool is not well maintained, the force needed to initiate the wrap will increase. The number of wire wraps or unwraps performed in a day varies depending on the load of the central office. Some days the load can be very high increasing the repetitive movement. Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Positioning your body in the proper position as it relates to the height of the work is very important. Tool maintenance is very important to reduce the amount of force used to activate the wire-wrapping tool. Ensure a tool maintenance program is in place and encourage employees to report malfunctioning tools. In situations where repetition is high, consider acquiring a battery operated wire-wrapping tool that wraps and unwraps with ease. Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Wire Wrapping / Unwrapping Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry D - 4 Recommended Solution Strategy 3 Long Term Encourage manufacturers to produce tools with different size tool handles. Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation OK Industries - http://www.okindustries.com/ Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Wire Stripping Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry D - 5 Description of Work Environment The central office job function of wire stripping involves using a tool (needle nose pliers, wire stripper, or the bradley) to take off the outer case of the wire. Taking the outer case off the wires exposes the inner wires which are then threaded into the wire-wrapping tool. The wire- wrapping tool rotates a wire around a small connector on the block of a frame. Job Function: Wire Stripping Primary Task #2 Primary Task Wire Stripping with Needle nose Pliers Stripping wire with the Bradley tool Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Wire Stripping Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry D - 6 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Awkward Posture Force Repetition Hand / forearm/ elbow and shoulder When wire stripping many people fling their wrists unnecessarily which causes awkward wrist posture. Awkward posture can occur when a worker positions their body too high or too low in relationship to the wire that needs to be stripped. Forceful exertion occurs when the wire stripping tool is poorly maintained contributing to the forces people apply while using the tool. In addition, some forceful exertion is observed in the hand opposite of the hand manipulating the wire-stripping tool. Often times, the opposite hand is used to provide leverage or tension to the wire while performing the function of wire stripping thus leading to forceful exertion of the opposing hand. The number of wire stripping functions performed in a day varies depending on the workload of the central office. Some days the load can be very high increasing the repetitive movement. Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Positioning your body in the proper position as it relates to the work is very important. Locate the work as close to your body as possible in order to reduce excessive reaches. Tool maintenance is very important to reduce the amount of force used while wire stripping. Ensure a tool maintenance program is in place and encourage employees to report malfunctioning tools. To reduce forceful exertion of the opposing hand, gently wrap the wire on a stable block on the frame in order to function as the tension provider. Consider purchasing spring loaded needle nose pliers or hand tools with cushioned handles (see resources). It 9s strongly recommended that these tools be tested for application to the central office environment prior to implementation. Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Wire Stripping Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry D - 7 Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term None at this time. Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodation Hand tools: http://www.alimed.com/ Accu-Lite Ergonomic pliers http://www.wassco.com/acercutandpl1.html Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Working on a Ladder in a Central Office Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry D - 8 Description of Work Environment Working on a ladder in the central office environment is a job function performed continuously throughout a workday. The ladder is typically a wooden rolling ladder suspended from the ceiling or a stand-alone rolling ladder. Job Function: Working on a Ladder in the Central Office Primary Task #2 Primary Task Employee working on stand-alone rolling ladder Employee climbing a rolling ladder Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Working on a Ladder in a Central Office Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry D - 9 Risk Factors Body Segment Contributing Factors Awkward Posture Static Posture Repetition Hand / forearm/ elbow and shoulder Back / Knee / Shoulder Back / Knee Awkward posture of the upper extremity can occur while working on the ladder when an employee doesn 9t properly position his or her body in relationship to the work. When the body is positioned lower than the work, then the employee is reaching up towards the work. If the body is positioned higher than the work, then the employee is reaching down. Static posture can occur when employees work for long periods of time on the ladder. The number of times that an employee climbs a ladder in a central office can vary from day to day. Some days the number of times that an employee climbs a ladder can be very high. Recommended Solution Strategy - Short Term Use a ladder seat if the work requires a long period of time standing on a ladder. Positioning your body in the proper posture as it relates to the work is very important. Neutral Posture Awkward posture The work is too high causing the shoulders to be abducted. Organize your work at the proper height. Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Working on a Ladder in a Central Office Job Functions Within The Telecommunications Industry D - 10 Recommended Solution Strategy - Long Term Redesign the position of the wire on the frame so that the wires are more accessible with less awkward posture. Resources Which May Be Of Assistance For Ergonomic Design or Accommodati

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