SOCIAL WORK CHRISTIANITY

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GJ9;= cGDD=g=, in SOCIAL WORK CHRISTIANITY A n I nternAtIonAl J ournAl & W inter 2007 V olume 34, n umber 4 iSSn 0737-5778 CONTeNTS Jo;rnal of th, North Am,rican Association of Christians in Social Work INTRODUCTION TO THE SPEICIAL ISSUE sG;A9D WGJk LhJGMgh Lh= l=FK G> chJAKLA9F F9ALh: WGJkAFg LGw9J< iFL=gJ9LAGF Cheryl Brandsen and Beryl Hugen 349 ARTICLES eHAKL=mGDGgy 9F< sG;A9D WGJk: tGw9J< 9 chJAKLA9F cJALAIM= Terry A.<br><br> Wol:er & David R. Hodge 356 WhG c9J=K? sG;A9D W=D>9J= AF 9 dAv=JK= sG;A=Ly Jim Vanderwoerd 376 th= rGD= G> r=DAgAGMK oJA=FL9LAGF AF Lh= r=;Gv=Jy pJG;=KK G> p=JKGFK wALh 9 s=v=J= M=FL9D iDDF=KK Beryl Hugen 400 JMKLA;= 9F< HMm9F rAghLK AF FGMJLh c=FLMJy c9HH9<G;A9 Cheryl Brandsen and Paul Vliem 421 F9AJF=KK iK nGL eFGMgh: sG;A9D JMKLA;= 9K r=KLGJ9LAGF G> rAghL r=D9LAGFKhAHK Mary Anne Poe 449 sG;A9D WGJk 9F< chJAKLA9FALy AK HMbDAKh=< IM9JL=JDy by Lh= nGJLh am=JA;9F aKKG;A9LAGF G> chJAKLA9FK AF sG;A9D WGJk, 21 tMJk=y rGGKL r<., s9F<y HGGk, cGFF=;LA;ML 06482.<br><br> p=JAG<A;9DK HGKL9g= H9A< 9L n=wLGwF, ct 9F< 9<<ALAGF9D m9ADAFg G>f;=K. ISSN 0737-5778 postMaster: s=F< 9<<J=KK ;h9Fg=K LG nacsW, po BGx 121; BGLK>GJ<, ct 06404. Social Work thro;gh th, L,ns of Christian Faith: Working towar+ Int,gration Cheryl Brandsen and Beryl Hugen In the summers o: 2004 and 2006, a group o: social work educators and practitioners gathered on the campus o: Calvin College.<br><br> Various strands o: Christianity were represented in each group 4Anglican, Baptist, Catholic, Episcopalian, and Christian Re:ormed, to mention just a :ew 4as well as both secular and :aith-based universities, colleges, and practice settings. Although the two groups varied in terms o: membership, the de ning purpose o: each seminar was to explore :oundational and enduring questions in the social work pro:ession through the lens o: the Christian :aith. A large part o: this work involved thinking about what it means to integrate our :aith with practice: What models are available to us in this process o: thinking christianly about our work?<br><br> What does it mean to do Christian scholarship in the eld o: social work? 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Our Thanks th= wJAL=JK G> Lh=K= H9H=JK wAKh LG Lh9Fk Lh=AJ K=mAF9J gJGMHK >GJ Lh=AJ LhGMghL>MD 9F< ;h9DD=FgAFg J=m9JkK Lh9L h=DH=< LG Kh9JH=F Lh=K= 9JLA;D=K. aK w=DD, w= wAKh LG Lh9Fk nA;hGD9K WGDL=JKLGJ>> 9F< sL=Hh=F ev9FK >GJ Lh=AJ wADDAFgF=KK LG wGJk wALh MK, J=9< 9F< J=KHGF< LG GMJ H9H=JK, 9F< J=mAF< MK Lh9L wh9L w= h9< LG K9y w9K AmHGJL9FL >GJ Lh= social WorK tHrouGH tHe lens oF cHristian FaitH KG;A9D wGJk HJG>=KKAGF.<br><br> th= K=mAF9J gJGMHK 9J= 9DKG AF<=bL=< LG Lh= North American Association for Christians in Social Work 9F< LG Lh= Summer Seminars in Christian Scholarship HJGgJ9m 9L c9DvAF cGDD=g= >GJ Lh=AJ fF9F;A9D 9F< AF-kAF< KMHHGJL. a h=9JLy Lh9Fk yGM AK 9DKG Gw=< LG Lh= c9DvAF cGDD=g= sG;A9D WGJk d=H9JLm=FL >GJ MF<=JwJALAFg mGKL G> Lh= ;GKLK LhJGMgh 9 g=F=JGMK gA>L <GF9L=< LG Lh= <=H9JLm=FL by Lh= D9L= dJ. th=G<GJ= r.<br><br> 9F< J=9FF= d=MJ. v Cheryl Brandsen , ph.d., MsW, AK pJG>=KKGJ 9F< ch9AJ G> sG;AGDGgy 9F< sG;A9D WGJk 9L c9DvAF cGDD=g=, 3201 BMJLGF se, GJ9F< r9HA<K, Mi 49546. phGF=: 616-526-8538.<br><br> em9AD: bJ9;@;9DvAF.=<M Beryl Hugen , ph.d., MsW, AK pJG>=KKGJ 9F< dAJ=;LGJ G> sG;A9D WGJk 9L c9DvAF cGDD=g=, 3201 BMJLGF se, GJ9F< r9HA<K, Mi 49546. phGF=: 616-526-6716. em9AD: bhMg=F@;9DvAF.=<M.<br><br> 2006 Participants2004 Participants G9Jy B=hJm9Fch=JyD BJ9F<K=F ch=JyD BJ9F<K=FrA;k ch9mA=;-c9K= M9Jy aFF BJ=F<=FM9Jk GGJFAk rA;k ch9mA=;-c9K=JGhF GJ9h9m aFF p9LJA;k cGFJ9<d9vA< HG<g= JGhF GJ9h9mB=JyD HMg=F d9vA< HG<g=d9FA=D l== B=JyD HMg=FH=D=F M=F<=K M9;k=FzA HMyK=JM9Jy aFF= pG= M9Jy aFF= pG=d9vA< sh=JwGG< B9Jb9J9 sh9FkJ9FA;= sL9J9D d9vA< sh=JwGG<J9m=K V9F<=JWG=J< t=JJy WGD>=Jt=JJy WGD>=J 357 e6ist,mology an+ Social Work: Towar+ a Christian Critiq;, Terry A. Wol%er & David R. Hodge Epistemologies 4ideas about the nature, origins, and limits o: knowl- edge 4play :oundational but o:ten unrecognized roles in social work theory and practice.<br><br> In this paper, we review the two major epistemological :rameworks currently vying :or supremacy in western intellectual discourse, which we re:er to as naturalistic modernism and postmodern subjectivism. We also examine the underlying assumptions o: these two epistemological :rameworks and briefy discuss their implications :or research methodology, practice, social justice, and social problems such as poverty. These implica- tions clari:y the pro:ound signi cance and pervasive impact o: epistemology on pro:essional practice.<br><br> We conclude the paper by outlining parameters o: one version o: a Christian critique and discussing the implications o: a Christian epistemological approach :or social work. e HAKL=mGDGgy <=9DK wALh kFGwD=<g= 9F< w9yK G> kFGwAFg. MGJ= KH=;Af;9DDy, AL AK Lh= bJ9F;h G> HhADGKGHhy Lh9L KLM<A=K Lh= F9LMJ=, GJAgAFK, 9F< DAmALK G> kFGwD=<g= (sDA>= & WADDA9mK, 1995).<br><br> iL 9<<J=KK=K IM=KLAGFK KM;h 9K, chGw <G w= kFGw wh9L w= kFGw? d 9F< cwh9L 9J= Lh= b9KA; 9KKMmHLAGFK Lh9L AF M=F;= GMJ H=J;=HLAGFK? d pML <A>>=J=FLDy, =HAKL=mGDGgy 9<<J=KK=K Lh= LJMKLwGJLhAF=KK G> wh9L w= kFGw (GMb9 & lAF;GDF, 1998). eHAKL=mGDGgy AK G> ;JALA;9D AmHGJL9F;= LG KG;A9D wGJk=JK b=;9MK= GMJ =HAKL=mGDGgA;9D 9HHJG9;h Kh9H=K wh9L w= kFGw, GJ H=Jh9HK mGJ= 9;;MJ9L=Dy, wh9L w= LhAFk w= kFGw. eHAKL=mGDGgA;9D 9HHJG9;h=K 9J= FGL v9DM= F=MLJ9D (BMk=J, 2003).<br><br> th= 9KKMmHLAGFK AmHDA;AL AF GMJ =HAKL=mG- DGgA;9D 9HHJG9;h L=F< LG 9;;=FL ;=JL9AF >GJmK G> kFGwD=<g=. iF LMJF, LhAK kFGwD=<g= AF>GJmK GMJ 9;LAGFK 9F< ;hGA;=K AF =KK=FLA9DDy =v=Jy 9J=9, AF;DM<AFg, >GJ =x9mHD=, J=K=9J;h m=LhG<GDGgA=K, HJ9;LA;= AFL=Jv=FLAGFK, KG;A9D jMKLA;= 9<vG;9;y, 9F< 9FLA-HGv=JLy HGDA;y. cGFK=IM=FLDy, gAv=F Lh9L GMJ ;hGA;=K 9J= b9K=< MHGF GMJ kFGwD=<g=, AL b=hGGv=K KG;A9D ARTICLeS Social Work & Christianity, Vol.<br><br> 34, No.4 (2007), 356-375 Jo;rnal of th, North Am,rican Association of Christians in Social Work wGJk=JK LG ;JALA;9DDy =x9mAF= Lh=AJ =HAKL=mGDGgy LG =FKMJ= Lh9L Lh=AJ kFGwD=<g= AK LJMKLwGJLhy. eHAKL=mGDGgA;9D 9HHJG9;h=K <G FGL =xAKL AF AKGD9LAGF bML J9Lh=J 9J= =m- b=<<=< AF D9Jg=J ;GFKLJM;LK KGm=LAm=K J=>=JJ=< LG 9K wGJD<vA=wK, H9J9<AgmK, GJ KMHHGKALAGF9D >J9m=wGJkK (lAF;GDF & GMb9, 2003). th=K= wGJD<vA=wK =FL9AD ;=JL9AF HhADGKGHhA;9D 9KKMmHLAGFK 9bGML Lh= F9LMJ= G> J=9DALy 9F< hGw kFGwD=<g= 9bGML Lh9L J=9DALy AK 9K;=JL9AF=< 9F< 9;;MmMD9L=<.<br><br> iF GLh=J wGJ<K, Lh=K= H9J9<AgmK 9J= h=D< by >9ALh. th= 9KKMmHLAGFK AFvGDv=< 9J= FGL GH=F LG =mHAJA;9D v=JAf;9LAGF bML 9KKMm=<, 9 HJAGJA, LG J= =;L 9 ;GJJ=;L MF<=JKL9F<AFg G> Lh= wGJD<. WhAD= AF KGm= ;9K=K Lh= 9KKMmHLAGFK m9<= by 9DL=JF9L= wGJD<vA=wK 9J= ;GmH9LAbD=, 9K AmHDA=< 9bGv=, AF m9Fy AFKL9F;=K Lh= 9KKMmHLAGFK 9J= AF;Gmm=FKMJ9bD=, wALh Lh= <A>>=J=F;=K h9vAFg AmHGJ- L9FL J9mAf;9LAGFK >GJ kFGwD=<g= AFIMAJy, AFL=JHJ=L9LAGF, 9F< 9HHDA;9LAGF.<br><br> a FMmb=J G> GbK=Jv=JK h9v= KMgg=KL=< Lh9L LwG =HAKL=mGDGgA;9DDy b9K=< wGJD<vA=wK 9J= H9JLA;MD9JDy <GmAF9FL AF w=KL=JF ;MDLMJ=, whA;h w= J=>=J LG AF LhAK H9H=J 9K F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm 9F< HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm (GAbbK, 2001; lAF;GDF & GMb9, 2003; n9k9KhAm9, 2003; sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999; sDA>=, HGH= & n=b=k=J, 1999; tK9Fg & Y9F, 2001; W9Dk=J, 2001). iL AK AmHGJL9FL LG =mHh9KAz= 9L Lh= GFK=L Lh9L LhAK <=- K;JAHLAGF Gv=JKAmHDAf=K Lh= ;GmHD=xALy Lh9L =xAKLK. WALhAF Lh=K= LwG wGJD<vA=wK 9 FMmb=J G> GLh=J <AKLAF;L wGJD<vA=wK ;9F b= <=DAF=9L=<.<br><br> FGJ =x9mHD=, MF<=J Lh= JMbJA; G> F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm, w= AF- ;DM<= 9 >9mADy G> 9HHJG9;h=K v9JAGMKDy J=>=JJ=< LG 9K F9LMJ9DAKm, H=J=F- FA9D F9LMJ9DAKm, mG<=JFAKm, =mHAJA;AKm, J9LAGF9DAKm, DGgA;9D HGKALAvAKm, 9F< HGKLHGKLAvAKm. uF<=J Lh= JMbJA; G> HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm, w= AF;DM<= 9FGLh=J >9mADy v9JAGMKDy J=>=JJ=< LG 9K ;JALA;9D Lh=GJy, ;GFKLJM;- LAvAKm, KG;A9D ;GFKLJM;LAGFAKm, h=Jm=F=MLA;9D Lh=GJy, 9F< HGKLmG<=JF <=;GFKLJM;LAGFAKm. aL <A>>=J=FL HGAFLK 9F< HD9;=K, 9DD Lh=K= wGJD<vA=wK Kh9J= KGm= D=v=D G> A<=GDGgA;9D ;GFgJM=F;= 9K w=DD 9K <AKKAmAD9JALy (HAbb=J<, 2001).<br><br> FMJLh=J, Lh=y AFL=J9;L wALh 9F< AF M=F;= GF= 9FGLh=J AF 9 ;GFLAFMGMK <A9DGgA;9D HJG;=KK Lh9L J= =;LK 9F GFgGAFg ;GFv=JK9LAGF b=Lw==F 9DL=J- F9LAv= wGJD<vA=wK. iF LhAK bJA=> KH9;=, w= DAmAL GMJ L9Kk LG m9HHAFg KGm= G> Lh= b9KA;, AFL=JDG;kAFg 9KKMmHLAGFK G> Lh= LwG m9jGJ >9mADA=K ;MJJ=FLDy wJ=KLDAFg >GJ AFL=DD=;LM9D <GmAF9F;= AF w=KL=JF KG;A=LA=K. Naturalistic modernism iF Lh= w=KL=JF ;GFL=xL, v9JAGMK >GJmK G> F9LMJ9DAKm ;9F b= LJ9;=< b9;k 9L D=9KL 9K >9J 9K Lh= 9F;A=FL wGJD< (pD9FLAFg9, 1994).<br><br> iF g=F=J9D, social WorK & cHristianitY 358 359 F9LMJ9DAKm HGKALK Lh9L FGLhAFg =xAKLK b=yGF< F9LMJ= GJ Lh= m9L=JA9D wGJD<. iL ;9F b= MF<=JKLGG< 9K 9 HhADGKGHhA;9D KyKL=m AF whA;h 9DD Hh=FGm=F9 ;9F b= =xHD9AF=< by bDAF< >GJ;=K 9;LAFg 9;;GJ<AFg LG fx=< D9wK, wALhGML J=>=J=F;= LG 9Fy LJ9FK;=F<=FL =D=m=FL. FJGm LhAK H=JKH=;- LAv=, cLh=J= AK FG GG<, 9F< w= hMm9F b=AFgK 9J= AFKAgFAf;9FL H9JLK G> 9 gA9FL ;GKmA; m9;hAF= Lh9L HJG;==<K AF m9j=KLA; AF<A>>=J=F;= LG MK, GMJ hGH=K 9F< 9KHAJ9LAGFK, GMJ F==<K 9F< <=KAJ=K, GMJ K=FK= G> >9AJF=KK GJ fLLAFgF=KK d (pD9FLAFg9, 1994, H.<br><br> 2). aDLhGMgh F9LMJ9DAKLA; >GJmK G> AFIMAJy h9v= DGFg =xAKL=< AF w=KL=JF <AK;GMJK=, wALh Lh= 9<v=FL G> Lh= KG-;9DD=< ceFDAghL=Fm=FL d 9F< Lh= <9wF- AFg G> Lh= mG<=JF wGJD<vA=w, F9LMJ9DAKm 9KKMm=< 9 F=w HJ==mAF=F;=. WALh KGm= mG<Af;9LAGFK, Lh= F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm Lh9L =m=Jg=< >JGm Lh= eFDAghL=Fm=FL h9K >GJm=< Lh= <GmAF9FL =HAKL=mGDGgA;9D >J9m=wGJk 9mGFg Lh= w=KL=JF AFL=DD=;LM9D ;D9KK >GJ Lh= H9KL >=w ;=FLMJA=K.<br><br> eFDAghL=F- m=FL LhAFk=JK, H=Jh9HK H9JLA;MD9JDy AF eMJGH=, w=J= g=F=J9DDy ;GmmALL=< LG ;GFKLJM;LAFg 9 wGJD< <=vGA< G> LJ9FK;=F<=FL, FGF-m9L=JA9D AF M=F;=K. cGFK=IM=FLDy, Lh= eFDAghL=Fm=FL HJGj=;L >MF;LAGF=< LG <=D=gALAmAz= KHAJALM9D 9F< GLh=J FGF-m9L=JA9D w9yK G> kFGwAFg, whAD= KAmMDL9F=GMKDy HJAvAD=gAFg hMm9F J9LAGF9DALy 9F< F9LMJ9DAKLA; =xHD9F9LAGFK (smALh, 2003). HMm9F GbK=Jv9LAGF 9F< J=9KGF w=J= ;GFKA<=J=< =KK=FLA9D LG MFDG;k 9F< =xHD9AF 9DD Lh= myKL=JA=K G> Lh= F9LMJ9D wGJD<, whA;h J=HJ=K=FL=< Lh= KMm LGL9D G> J=9DALy (sDA>= =L 9D, 1999).<br><br> s=v=J9D 9MLhGJK h9v= A<=FLAf=< 9 FMmb=J G> >MF<9m=FL9D, AFL=JDG;k- AFg 9KKMmHLAGFK G> F9LMJ9DAKL mG<=JFAKm (lAF;GDF & GMb9, 2003; sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999; sDA>= =L 9D., 1999). FGJ m9Fy H=GHD= LJ9AF=< AF KG;A9D K;A=FLAf; m=LhG<K, Lh=K= 9KKMmHLAGFK 9J= D9Jg=Dy L9k=F >GJ gJ9FL=< 9F< GH=J9L= GMLKA<= G> Lh=AJ 9w9J=F=KK. Assumptions o0 naturalistic modernism FAJKL, K;A=FLAKLK wGJkAFg wALhAF Lh= F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm H9J9<Agm 9KKMm= Lh9L 9 J=9D m9L=JA9D wGJD< =xAKLK.<br><br> thAK 9KKMmHLAGF 4J=>=JJ=< LG 9K m9L=JA9DAKm 4 cHGKLMD9L=K Lh9L Lh= J=9D AK Lh= vAKAbD= 9F< L9FgAbD= LhAFgK G> Lh= wGJD<, whA;h =xAKL AF<=H=F<=FLDy G> Lh= GbK=Jv=J d (sDA>= =L 9D., 1999, H. 61). iF ALK KLJGFg >GJm, m9L=JA9DAKm hGD<K Lh9L FGLhAFg =xAKLK 9KA<= >JGm GJ b=yGF< Lh= m9L=JA9D wGJD<.<br><br> WhAD= K;A=FLAKLK m9y KLM<y GFDy Lh= m9L=JA9D wGJD<, >JGm LhAK H=JKH=;LAv=, Lh9L AK 9DD Lh=J= AK. aDLhGMgh Lh= m9L=JA9D wGJD< AF;DM<=K Lh= K;A=FLAKLK Lh=mK=Dv=K, AL AK D9Jg=Dy =xL=JF9D LG 9F< AF<=H=F<=FL G> Lh=m. BML Lh=K= m9L=JA9DAKL J=9DALA=K 9J= 9v9AD9bD= LG H=J;=HLAGF LhJGMgh Lh= K=FK=K.<br><br> cth9L AK, J=9D, m9L=JA9D LhAFgK 9J= LhGMghL episteMoloGY and social WorK: toWard a cHristian critique LG m9k= AmHJ=KKAGFK GF GMJ mAF<K LhJGMgh Lh= ;h9FF=DK G> Lh= K=FK=K d (sDA>= =L 9D., 1999, H. 61), 9F< Lh9L D=9<K LG 9 ;DGK=Dy J=D9L=< 9KKMmHLAGF. FGJ K;A=FLAKLK wGJkAFg wALhAF Lh= F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm H9J9<Agm, m9L=JA9DAKm J=D9L=K LG 9 K=;GF< >MF<9m=FL9D 9KKMmHLAGF: cemHAJA;AKm hGD<K Lh9L Lh= GFDy J=DA9bD= >GJm G> kFGwD=<g= AK Lh9L whA;h ;Gm=K LhJGMgh K=FKGJy =xH=JA=F;=.<br><br> sM;h 9F 9KK=JLAGF D=9<K AF=xGJ9bDy LG Lh= FGLAGF Lh9L GFDy Lh9L whA;h AK <AJ=;LDy GbK=Jv9bD= GJ m=9KMJ9bD= AF KGm= w9y ;9F b= kFGwF wALh 9Fy <=gJ== G> ;=JL9AFLy d (sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999, H. 1454). thAK 9KKMmHLAGF J=HJ=K=FLK GF= G> Lh= mGKL <GmAF9FL A<=9K AF KG;A9D K;A=F;=.<br><br> WhAD= =mHAJA;AKm <G=K FGL AFKAKL Lh9L FGFGbK=Jv9bD=K <G FGL =xAKL, AL <G=K J=IMAJ= Lh9L Lh=y ;9FFGL b= KLM<A=< MFD=KK GH=J9LAGF9D- Az=< AF KGm= w9y (sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999). WALhAF Lh= F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm H9J9<Agm, K;A=FLAKLK J=Dy h=9v- ADy MHGF Lh= HJ9;LA;= G> GH=J9LAGF9DAzAFg ;GF;=HLK. th=AJ 9KKMmHLAGFK G> m9L=JA9DAKm 9F< =mHAJA;AKm <JAv= 9 LhAJ< 9KKMmHLAGF 4GH=J9LAGF9D- AKm 4whA;h J= =;LK Lh= F==< LG m9k= =v=JyLhAFg vAKAbD= 9F< L9FgAbD=.<br><br> coH=J9LAGF9DAKm 9KKMm=K Lh9L 9DD ;GFKLJM;LK mMKL b= J=HJ=K=FL=< 9K 9 K=L G> GbK=Jv9bD= 9F< L9FgAbD= GH=J9LAGFK >GJ 9Fy L=KL LG b= HGKKAbD= d (sDA>= =L 9D., 1999, H. 62). nG ;J=<AbD= KLM<y ;9F HJG;==< wALhGML fJKL <=fFAFg ;GF;=HLK 9F< <=;A<AFg, ;GF;J=L=Dy 9F< HJ=;AK=Dy, hGw Lh=K= ;GF;=HLK wADD b= GbK=Jv=<.<br><br> aK 9 J=KMDL, GFDy Lh= m9L=JA9D HJGH=JLA=K G> 9Fy ;GF;=HL 9J= 9;LM9DDy AFvGDv=< AF 9Fy =mHAJA;9D AFv=KLAg9LAGF (sDA>= =L 9D., 1999). FGMJLh, Lh=K= K;A=FLAKLK g=F=J9DDy 9KKMm= Lh9L GbK=Jv9bD= J=9DALy ;9F b= m=9KMJ=< GJ IM9FLAf=<. FGJ LhAK J=9KGF, Lh=y K==k LG cLJ9FKD9L= wh9L=v=J AK =xH=JA=F;=<&AFLG Lh= D9FgM9g= G> FMmb=JK d (sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999, H.<br><br> 1455). aK Lh= GD< ;DA;hé gG=K, c9FyLhAFg Lh9L =xAKLK, =xAKLK AF KGm= IM9FLALy. d i> 9 ;GF;=HL ;9F b= GH=J9LAGF9DAz=<, Lh= GH=J9LAGFK g=F=J9DDy m9k= AL HGKKAbD= LG IM9FLA>y Lh= Hh=FGm=FGF. FGJ K;A=FLAKLK wGJkAFg wALhAF Lh= F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm H9J9<Agm, Lh= HJ=vAGMK 9KKMmHLAGFK G>L=F ;GFF=;L wALh 9 f>Lh m9jGJ 9KKMmH- LAGF 49LGmAKm.<br><br> th=y 9KKMm= Lh9L: m9L=JA9D Gbj=;LK G> GMJ GbK=Jv9LAGF 9F< kFGwD=<g= ;9F Lh=m- K=Dv=K b= K=H9J9L=< 9F< <AvA<=< AFLG v9JA9bD=K, ;GFKLJM;LK, 9F< D9wK Lh9L 9J= Km9DD=J 9F< HJ=KMm9bDy mGJ= b9KA; Lh9F Lh=AJ D9Jg=J ;GMFL=JH9JLK. th=K= 9LGmK ;GFL9AF wALhAF Lh=mK=Dv=K 9DD Lh= =KK=FLA9D HJGH=JLA=K G> Lh= D9Jg=J MFALK. iF<==<, =9;h 9LGm AK ALK=D> 9 K=D>-;GFL9AF=< =FLALy, wALh 9DD ALK HJGH=JLA=K 9F< IM9DALA=K ;GFL9AF=< wALhAF ALK=D> (sDA>= =L 9D., 1999, H.<br><br> 62). social WorK & cHristianitY 360 361 B9K=< GF LhAK 9KKMmHLAGF, K;A=FLAKLK K==k LG bMAD< kFGwD=<g= by ;GF;=HLM9DAzAFg 9F< GH=J9LAGF9DAzAFg Lh= ;GmHGF=FL H9JLK G> ;MJJ=FLDy MF<=JKLGG< Hh=FGm=F9 9F< by KLM<yAFg Lh= J=D9LAGFK b=Lw==F Lh=K= H9JLK 9L DGw=J 9F< hAgh=J D=v=DK. sAxLh, Lh=K= K;A=FLAKLK 9KKMm= Lh9L J=9DALy AK gGv=JF=< by MFAv=JK9D D9wK.<br><br> uFAv=JK9DAKm J=>=JK LG Lh= FGLAGF Lh9L cF9LMJ9D D9wK, b=;9MK= Lh=y 9J= D9w>MD, <G FGL ;h9Fg= AF LAm= 9F< KH9;= d (sDA>= =L 9D., 1999, H. 60). iF GLh=J wGJ<K, Lh=J= 9J= HJ=<A;L9bD= J=gMD9JALA=K 9;JGKK KALM9LAGFK 9F< Gv=J LAm=.<br><br> MGJ= HJ=;AK=Dy, MFAv=JK9DAKm cJ=IMAJ=K Lh9L 9 D9w GJ HJAF;AHD= b= 9HHDA;9bD= LG Lh= ;GF<ALAGFK MF<=J whA;h AL KH=;Af;9DDy 9HHDA=K d wALhGML J=g9J< >GJ Lh= ;GF<ALAGFK 9 LAm= 9F< HD9;= (sDA>= =L 9D., 1999, H. 60). cGFK=IM=FLDy, =xL9FL D9wK ;9F b= J9LAGF9DDy MF<=JKLGG<, A> GFDy AF 9 HJGb9bADAKLA; m9FF=J, LhJGMgh Lh= 9HHDA;9LAGF G> JAgGJGMK hMm9F DGgA; 9F< KyKL=m9LA; GbK=Jv9LAGF.<br><br> WhAD= HJ=K=FL MF<=JKL9F<AFgK G> Lh= wGJD< m9y b= 9w=<, hMm9FkAF< AK b=DA=v=< LG b= HJGgJ=KKAFg LGw9J< 9 >MDD=J, mGJ= 9;;MJ9L= MF<=JKL9F<AFg G> Lh= wGJD< Gv=J Lh= ;GMJK= G> LAm= 9K 9F AF;J=9KAFg FMmb=J G> D9wK 9J= <AK;Gv=J=< 9F< Lh=F KMbK=IM=FLDy bJGk=F <GwF AF fF=J gGv=JFAFg HJAF;AHD=K. FAF9DDy, K;A=FLAKLK wGJkAFg wALh Lh= F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm H9J9<Agm g=F=J9DDy m9k= 9 K=v=FLh 9KKMmHLAGF 9bGML Lh= J=D=v9F;= G> Lh=K= MFAv=J- K9D D9wK >GJ hMm9F b=AFgK. n9LMJ9DAKm HGKALK cF9LMJ9D D9wK GJ HJAF;AHD=K Lh9L gGv=JF 9DD G> F9LMJ=, AF;DM<AFg hMm9F F9LMJ= d (sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999, H.<br><br> 1457). B9KA;9DDy, LhAK m=9FK Lh9L MFAv=JK9D D9wK =F;GmH9KK 9F< 9HHDy LG hMm9F J=9DALy jMKL 9K Lh=y 9HHDy LG 9DD GLh=J m9L=JA9D J=9DALy. iF GLh=J wGJ<K, K;A=FLAKLK 9KKMm= Lh9L Lh=K= D9wK MDLAm9L=Dy <=L=JmAF= hMm9F b=h9vAGJ jMKL 9K Lh=y <G 9DD GLh=J KGJLK G> F9LMJ9D Hh=FGm=F9.<br><br> Implications 0or research, practice, social justice, and poverty FJGm Lh=K= b9KA; 9KKMmHLAGFK J=g9J<AFg Lh= F9LMJ= G> Lh= wGJD<, ;=JL9AF ;hGA;=K DGgA;9DDy Gw, H=Jh9HK mGKL FGL9bDy AF J=K=9J;h m=Lh- G<GDGgy (GMb9 & lAF;GDF, 1998; sDA>= =L 9D., 1999). th= 9KKMmHLAGFK <=DAF=9L=< 9bGv= >GJm Lh= HhADGKGHhA;9D MF<=JHAFFAFgK G> wh9L h9K LJ9<ALAGF9DDy b==F ;9DD=< Lh= cK;A=FLAf; m=LhG< d G> AFIMAJy, 9F< LyHA;9DDy J=HJ=K=FL=< by IM9FLAL9LAv= J=K=9J;h m=LhG<K. s;A=FLAKLK GbK=Jv= F9LMJ=, <=v=DGH hyHGLh=K=K J=g9J<AFg Lh=AJ GbK=Jv9LAGFK, GH=J9LAGF9DAz= 9F< L=KL Lh=AJ hyHGLh=K=K, 9F< Lh=F 9LL=mHL LG J=HDA;9L= Lh=AJ J=KMDLK wALh <A>>=J=FL HGHMD9LAGFK LG =FKMJ= Lh9L Lh= fF<AFgK h9v= KGm= <=gJ== G> MFAv=JK9DALy, 9L D=9KL AF 9 HJGb9bADAKLA; K=FK=.<br><br> cGmHD=x J=gJ=KKAGF mG<=DK 9J= <=v=DGH=<, AF whA;h AF<AvA<M9D v9JA9bD=K 9J= b=DA=v=< LG J= =;L Lh= AF<AvA<M9D ;GFKLALM=FL ;GmHGF=FLK G> Lh= m9L=JA9D wGJD<. episteMoloGY and social WorK: toWard a cHristian critique aDLhGMgh D=KK wA<=Dy <AK;MKK=<, Lh= 9KKMmHLAGFK AFh=J=FL AF F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm <AJ=;LDy AF>GJm GLh=J 9J=9K AF 9<<ALAGF LG J=- K=9J;h m=LhG<GDGgy. oF= KM;h 9J=9 AK Lh= gJGwAFg mGv=m=FL LGw9J< =vA<=F;=-b9K=< HJ9;LA;= (cJAKH, 2004; G9mbJADD, 2003; GAbbK, 2003; pJG;LGJ, 2003; rGK=F, pJG;LGJ & sL9M<L, 1999).<br><br> a ;=FLJ9D >=9LMJ= G> Lh= =vA<=F;=-b9K=< mGv=m=FL AK Lh= A<=FLAf;9LAGF G> AFL=Jv=FLAGFK Lh9L h9v= b==F =mHAJA;9DDy <=mGFKLJ9L=< LG 9m=DAGJ9L= HJGbD=mK wALh 9 gAv=F HGHMD9LAGF. aK Lh= apa pJ=KA<=FLA9D t9Kk FGJ;= GF evA<=F;=-b9K=< pJ9;LA;= (2006) GbK=Jv=K, mMDLAHD= MF<=JKL9F<AFgK G> =vA<=F;= =xAKL. iF HJ9;LA;=, hGw=v=J, =vA<=F;= GbL9AF=< MKAFg J9F<GmAz=< ;DAFA;9D LJ9ADK wALh KL9F<9J<Az=< LJ=9Lm=FL m9FM9DK AK G>L=F HJAvAD=g=< (ch9mbD=KK =L 9D., 1995; ch9mbD=KK & oDD=F<A;k, 2001).<br><br> thMK, LG Lh= =xL=FL Lh9L LhAK >GJm G> kFGwD=<g= AK HJAvAD=g=<, Lh= =vA<=F;=-b9K=< mGv=m=FL AK HJ=mAK=< MHGF Lh= =xAKL=F;= G> MFAv=JK9DDy =>>=;LAv= AFL=Jv=FLAGFK (9L D=9KL AF 9 HJGb9bADAKLA; m9FF=J wALh 9 gAv=F HGHMD9LAGF), 9F< Lh9L Lh=K= AFL=Jv=FLAGFK ;9F b= ADDMmAF9L=< vA9 LJ9<ALAGF9D IM9FLAL9LAv= m=LhG<K. th= 9KKMmHLAGF Lh9L MFAv=JK9DK =xAKL 9DKG 9>>=;LK ;GF;=HLM9DAz9- LAGFK G> KG;A9D jMKLA;=. HMm9F JAghLK 9<vG;9;y AK 9 ;=FLJ9D KG;A9D jMKLA;= ;GF;=JF (r=A;h=JL, 2003; V9F sG=KL & G9J;A9, 2003).<br><br> FGJ =x9mHD=, Lh= nasW HGDA;y KL9L=m=FLK (2003) <=;D9J= Lh9L hMm9F JAghLK 9<vG;9;y AK 9F =xHJ=KKAGF G> KG;A9D jMKLA;= 9F< =xHDA;ALDy =F<GJK=K AmHD=m=FL9LAGF G> AFL=JF9LAGF9D JAghLK ;Gv=F9FLK KM;h 9K Lh= uFAL=< n9LAGFK 9 (1948/1998) Universal Declaration o: Human Rights . HMm9F JAghLK, hGw=v=J, 9J= h=D< LG b= MFAv=JK9D, 9HHDyAFg LG 9DD AF<AvA<M9DK AF<=H=F<=FL G> Lh=AJ J=;GgFALAGF AF D9w (r=A;h=JL, 2003). iF GLh=J wGJ<K, Lh= ;GFKLJM;L G> hMm9F JAghLK AK AmHDA;ALDy HJ=mAK=< MHGF Lh= 9KKMmHLAGF Lh9L MFAv=JK9DK =xAKL 9F< Lh9L Lh=K= MFAv=JK9DK ;9F b= 9K;=JL9AF=< by hMm9F DGgA; 9F< GbK=Jv9LAGF.<br><br> aFLA-HGv=JLy HGDA;y AK 9FGLh=J 9J=9 wh=J= Lh= 9KKMmHLAGFK AFh=J=FL AF F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm 9J= J=D=v9FL. aK Lh= nasW cG<= G> eLhA;K (1999) KLAHMD9L=K, KG;A9D wGJk=JK 9J= ;9DD=< LG 9<<J=KK 9F< 9m=DAGJ9L= HGv=JLy. n9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm 9KKMm=K Lh9L m9L=JA9D HJGbD=mK KM;h 9K HGv=JLy 9J= J=9D HJGbD=mK, AF<=H=F<=FL G> hMm9F GbK=Jv9LAGF.<br><br> a;;GJ<AFgDy, 9K 9 HJGbD=m gJGMF<=< AF Lh= m9L=JA9D wGJD<, Lh=y 9J= KMbj=;LK wGJLhy G> KLM<y. qM=KLAGFK w9JJ9FLAFg AFv=KLAg9LAGF AF;DM<=, c<G=K HGv=JLy 9;LM9DDy =xAKL AK AF ;=JL9AF 9J=9K? d cwhA;h H=GHD= 9J= mGKL 9>>=;L=<? d 9F< cwh9L 9J= Lh= mGKL =>>=;LAv= AFL=Jv=FLAGFK >GJ 9m=DAGJ9LAFg HGv=JLy? d aK FGL=< 9bGv=, m9Fy GLh=J 9J=9K G> AmHGJL9F;= LG KG;A9D wGJk=JK 9J= 9DKG AF M=F;=< by Lh= 9KKMmHLAGFK AFh=J=FL AF F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm. W= bJA= y J=vA=w=< Lh= >GMJ 9J=9K 9bGv= LG HJGvA<= KGm= kAF< G> K=FK= social WorK & cHristianitY 362 363 J=g9J<AFg hGw Lh=K= 9KKMmHLAGFK DGgA;9DDy KMgg=KL H9JLA;MD9J ;hGA;=K 9F< 9;LAGFK.<br><br> aK wADD b= ADDMKLJ9L=< b=DGw, ;h9FgAFg Lh= MF<=JDyAFg =HAKL=mG- DGgA;9D 9HHJG9;h ;9F D=9< LG 9 <A>>=J=FL K=L G> 9;LAGFK b=AFg ;hGK=F. tG 9 D9Jg= =xL=FL, Lh= 9KKMmHLAGFK FGL=< HJ=vAGMKDy h9v= b==F IMAL= MK=>MD, MF<=JgAJ<AFg Lh= gJGwLh G> KG;A9D K;A=F;= kFGwD=<g= 9F< G> HJG>=KKAGF9D h=DHAFg. n=v=JLh=D=KK, AF Lh= H9KL >=w <=;9<=K, 9 gJGwAFg FMmb=J G> K;hGD9JK h9v= ;h9DD=Fg=< F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm, IM=KLAGF- AFg Lh=K= b9KA; 9KKMmHLAGFK 9F< G>>=JAFg 9DL=JF9LAv=K.<br><br> Postmodern subjectivism WhAD= Lh= =HAKL=mGDGgA;9D 9HHJG9;h Lh9L w= 9J= J=>=JJAFg LG 9K F9LM- J9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm h9K <GmAF9L=< w=KL=JF AFL=DD=;LM9D DA>= >GJ Lh= H9KL >=w ;=FLMJA=K, mGJ= J=;=FLDy AL h9K =F;GMFL=J=< KAgFAf;9FL ;GmH=LALAGF >JGm 9 F=wDy 9K;=F<9FL H9J9<Agm, whA;h w= ;9DD HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm. cGm- H9J=< LG F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm, m9HHAFg Lh= H9J9m=L=JK G> HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm AK mGJ= <A>f;MDL. WhAD= Lh= ;=FLJ9D ;GF;=HLK G> F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm h9v= gGF= LhJGMgh 9F =xL=F<=< H=JAG< G> J=fF=m=FL 9F< m9LM- J9LAGF, HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm AK KLADD AF 9F =9JDy <=v=DGHm=FL9D KL9g=.<br><br> aK Lh= L=Jm cHGKL d AmHDA=K, HGKLmG<=JFAKm AK HJGb9bDy KLADD AF Lh= HJG;=KK G> LJ9FKALAGFAFg >JGm mG<=JFALy LG KGm= MFF9m=<, >MDDy >GJm=<, >MLMJ= =FLALy. WhAD= AL J=L9AFK =D=m=FLK G> mG<=JFALy (KM;h 9K Lh= hM- m9F ;=FL=J=<F=KK G> Lh= eFDAghL=Fm=FL), AL h9K 9DKG <=v=DGH=< =FGMgh <AKLAF;LAv=K KG Lh9L AL AK wA<=Dy ;GFKA<=J=< LG J=HJ=K=FL 9 F=w H9J9<Agm. cGFK=IM=FLDy, J=9<=JK KhGMD< b= 9w9J= Lh9L, HhADGKGHhA;9DDy, HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm AK KLADD 9 J9Lh=J ;GF;=HLM9DDy F=bMDGMK =FLALy, ;GmHDA;9LAFg 9LL=mHLK 9L KMmm9JAz9LAGF.<br><br> th= L9Kk AK >MJLh=J ;GmHDA;9L=< by Lh= >9;L Lh9L m9Fy G> Lh= AF;DM<=< 9HHJG9;h=K =xHDA;ALDy J=j=;L >GMF<9LAGF9DAKm GJ Lh= 9LL=mHL LG =KL9bDAKh MFAv=JK9DK. aK Lh= HJ=;=<AFg H9J9gJ9Hh AmHDA=K, HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm h9K g9AF=< AFL=DD=;LM9D KL9F<AFg <M= LG Lh= H=J;=Av=< KhGJL;GmAFgK 9KKG;A9L=< wALh F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm (GMb9 & lAF;GDF, 1998; JGF=K, 1994). th= eFDAghL=Fm=FL HJGj=;L G> <=HDGyAFg hMm9F J9LAGF9DALy LG <=v=DGH 9 K=;MD9J, ;=JL9AF, MFAv=JK9DDy 9HHDA;9bD= kFGwD=<g= b9K= AK H=J;=Av=< 9K 9 >9ADMJ= AF m9Fy f=D<K (smALh, 2003).<br><br> iF ALK HD9;= 9 F=w >J9m=wGJk h9K b==F HJGHGK=<, GF= AF whA;h hMm9F KMbj=;LAvALy 9F< 9g=F;y 9J= =mHh9KAz=<. FJGm LhAK H=JKH=;LAv=, cAL AK w= GMJK=Dv=K 4w= hMm9F b=AFgK 4whG 9J= J=KHGFKAbD= >GJ Lh= b9KA; KLJM;LMJ= G> Lh= wGJD< d (pD9FLAFg9, 1994, H. 2).<br><br> th= >9mADy G> 9HHJG9;h=K w= J=>=J LG 9K HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm, LG v9JyAFg <=gJ==K, HGKAL Lh9L J=9DALy AK, AF KGm= >MF<9m=FL9D K=FK=, episteMoloGY and social WorK: toWard a cHristian critique hMm9FDy ;GFKLJM;L=< (lAF;GDF & GMb9, 2003; sDA>= =L 9D., 1996). r9Lh=J Lh9F 9 KAFgD=, Kh9J=< m9L=JA9D J=9DALy Lh9L GbK=Jv=JK 9HHJ=h=F< AF v9JyAFg <=gJ==K, mMDLAHD= J=9DALA=K =xAKL. th=K= mMDLAHD= J=9DALA=K AF;GJHGJ9L= bGLh m9L=JA9D 9F< m=FL9D wGJD<K, J9Lh=J Lh9F 9 KAFgD=, J=9D m9L=JA9D wGJD<.<br><br> iF<==<, Lh=K= J=9DALA=K J=KMDL 9K hMm9FK AFL=J9;L wALh, ;h9FgAFg 9F< b=- AFg ;h9Fg=< by, Lh=AJ KMJJGMF<AFg =FvAJGFm=FLK. aK 9 J=KMDL, kFGwD=<g= AK D9Jg=Dy A<AGKyF;J9LA; 4;GFL=xL <=H=F<=FL 9F< DG;9D. s=v=J9D 9MLhGJK h9v= 9DKG A<=FLAf=< Lh= >MF<9m=FL9D, AFL=JDG;kAFg 9KKMmHLAGFK ;GmmGFDy Kh9J=< by HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm (lAF;GDF & GMb9, 2003; sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999; sDA>= =L 9D., 1999).<br><br> aL HJ=K=FL, 9mGFg H=GHD= LJ9AF=< AF KG;A9D K;A=FLAf; m=LhG<K, Lh=K= 9KKMmHLAGFK m9y KLADD J=HJ=K=FL mAFGJALy H=JKH=;LAv=K, LhGMgh Lh=y 9J= g9Lh=JAFg mGm=FLMm 9F< h9v= g9AF=< 9K;=F<9F;y AF m9Fy KMbf=D<K (H9JLm9F, 1990). aK 9 gJGMH, Lh=y J=HJ=K=FL Lh= m9jGJ 9DL=JF9LAv= LG F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm. B=;9MK= Lh=K= H=JKH=;LAv=K 9J= J=D9LAv=Dy F=w 9F< ;GFLJGv=JKA9D, Lh=AJ 9KKMmHLAGFK 9J= g=F=J9DDy mGJ= vAKAbD= 9F< GH=FDy 9;kFGwD=<g=<.<br><br> iF<==<, Lh= 9KKMmHLAGFK w=J= H9JLDy <=v=DGH=< AF J=9;LAGF LG Lh= Am- HDA;AL 9KKMmHLAGFK G> F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm. th= J=KMDLAFg ;h9DD=Fg= h9K HJGvGk=< v9JAGMK J=KHGFK=K 9F< 9<9HL9LAGFK by LhGK= wGJkAFg wALh F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm, H=Jh9HK H9JLA;MD9JDy 9mGFg HGKLHGKALAvAKLK (Bh9Kk9J, 1989; BGghGKKA9F, 2006; M9FA;9K & s=;GJ<, 1983; Z9mmALG, 2004). n=v=JLh=D=KK, HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm gG=K mM;h >MJLh=J, J=- j=;LAFg K=v=J9D b9KA; 9KKMmHLAGFK AF =x;h9Fg= >GJ GLh=JK.<br><br> Assumptions o0 postmodern subjectivism FAJKL, >GJ K;hGD9JK GH=J9LAFg wALhAF Lh= HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm H9J9<Agm, Lh=J= AK 9 >MF<9m=FL9D KhA>L AF =mHh9KAK LGw9J< DAv=< hMm9F =xH=JA=F;=. ciFKL=9< G> >G;MKAFg GF 9F GbK=Jv9bD=, m9L=JA9D J=9DALy Lh9L AK ;GFKA<=J=< LG b= b=hAF< ;h9FgAFg =xH=JA=F;=, m9Fy HGKLmG<=JFAKLK 9JgM= >GJ 9 >G;MK GF =xH=JA=F;= ALK=D>. th=y ;GFL=F< Lh9L w= <G FGL h9v= 9FyLhAFg LG KLM<y bML =xH=JA=F;= 9Fyw9y d (sDA>= =L 9D., 1999, H.<br><br> 74). WhAD= DAv=< hMm9F =xH=JA=F;= AF;DM<=K K=FKGJy GJ KG-;9DD=< Gbj=;LAv= =xH=JA=F;=, AL 9DKG AF;DM<=K GLh=J kAF<K G> =xH=JA=F;= KM;h 9K m=FL9D, =mGLAGF9D, KHAJALM9D, 9F< 9g=FLA; (sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999, H. 1458).<br><br> iF<==<, >JGm 9 HGKLmG<=JF H=JKH=;LAv=, =xH=JA=F;AFg =xL=JF9D m9L=JA9D =v=FLK AK AF KGm= AmHGJL9FL K=FK= 9Dw9yK KMbj=;LAv=. s=;GF<, HGKLmG<=JF K;hGD9JK 9KKMm= Lh= =KK=FLA9D v9DA<ALy G> GJ<AF9Jy D9FgM9g= >GJ ;GmmMFA;9LAFg 9bGML DAv=< hMm9F =xH=JA=F;=. tG MK= 9 F=w ;DA;hé, Lh=y LyHA;9DDy K==k LG MF<=JKL9F< J=K=9J;h H9JLA;AH9FLK cAF Lh=AJ GwF social WorK & cHristianitY 364 365 episteMoloGY and social WorK: toWard a cHristian critique wGJ<K. d GAv=F Lh=AJ >G;MK GF DAv=< hMm9F =xH=JA=F;=, GJ<AF9Jy D9FgM9g= 9HH=9JK LG J=HJ=K=FL AL mGKL ;DGK=Dy.<br><br> aK 9 J=KMDL, Lh=y HJ=>=J v9JAGMK IM9DAL9- LAv= GJ D9FgM9g=-b9K=< J=K=9J;h m=LhG<K AF HD9;= G> IM9FLAL9LAv= J=K=9J;h m=LhG<K Lh9L ;GFv=JL =xH=JA=F;= LG FMmb=JK (sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999). thAJ<, K;hGD9JK wGJkAFg wALhAF 9 HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm H9J9<Agm 9KKMm= Lh9L hMm9F =xH=JA=F;= 9F< 9;LAGF h9v= m=9FAFgK, 9F< Lh9L MF- <=JKL9F<AFg H=GHD= J=IMAJ=K ADDMmAF9LAFg Lh=K= m=9FAFgK (sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999). FGJ Lh=K= K;hGD9JK, cLh= gG9D...AK FGL KG mM;h Lh= K=9J;h >GJ Lh= D9wK 9F< HJAF;AHD=K Lh9L =xHD9AF b=h9vAGJ 9F< ;GgFALAGF, bML J9Lh=J Lh= MF<=JKL9F<AFg G> 9 H=JKGF 9K =xH=JA=FLA9D m=9FAFgK.<br><br> iL AK Lh=K= m=9FAFgK Lh9L >GKL=J DAFgMAKLA; 9F< b=h9vAGJ9D H9LL=JFK, 9F< LhMK HJ=<A;L9bADALy d (sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999, H. 1460). uFDAk= F9LMJ9D Gbj=;LK Lh9L b=h9v= KLJA;LDy AF 9;;GJ<9F;= wALh F9LMJ9D D9wK, hMm9FK h9v= HGKKAbADALA=K 9F< m=9FAFgK Lh9L AFL=J9;L wALh bML gG b=yGF< Lh=K= F9LMJ9D D9wK.<br><br> FGJ HGKLmG<=JF K;hGD9JK, Lh=K= HGKKAbADALA=K 9F< m=9FAFgK <G mGJ= Lh9F J=HJ=K=FL <A>>=J- =FL H=JKH=;LAv=K GF J=9DALy, AF KGm= >MF<9m=FL9D K=FK= Lh=y ;GFKLALML= <Av=JK=, mMDLAHD= J=9DALA=K. FGMJLh, HGKLmG<=JF K;hGD9JK 9KKMm= Lh9L Lh=K= mMDLAHD= J=9DALA=K =9;h HGKK=KK AFL=JF9D ;Gh=J=F;= GJ J9<A;9D hGDAKm: cr9Lh=J Lh9F HGKLMD9L- AFg Lh9L Lh= whGD= AK <=JAv=< >JGm mGJ= >MF<9m=FL9D 9LGmA; H9JLK AF m9L=- JA9D J=9DALy, Lh= HGKLmG<=JFAKL 9KkK MK LG ;GFKA<=J Lh9L Lh= H9JLK Lh=mK=Dv=K <=H=F< GF Lh= whGD= >GJ Lh=AJ v=Jy =xAKL=F;= d (sDA>= =L 9D., 1999, H. 75).<br><br> th= H9JLK G> Lh=K= J=9DALA=K <G FGL h9v= 9F AF<=H=F<=FL =xAKL=F;= AF Lh= =xL=JF9D wGJD< bML KL=m >JGm H9JLA;MD9J, hMm9FDy ;GFKLJM;L=< J=9DALA=K 9F< h9v= m=9FAFg AF LhGK= ;GFL=xLK. iF >9;L, LhAK 9KKMmHLAGF <AKKGDv=K GJ mAFAmAz=K Lh= <AKLAF;LAGF b=Lw==F KMbj=;LAv= 9F< Gbj=;LAv= J=9DALA=K: 9DD Gbj=;LK mMKL b= AFL=JHJ=L=< LG =xAKL 9F< b= m=9FAFg>MD 9F< KMbj=;LAv= >9;LGJK mMKL KL9F< AF J=D9LAGF LG Gbj=;LK MHGF whA;h AL wGJkK (sDA>= =L 9D., 1999). aK 9 J=KMDL G> LhAK 9F< Lh= HJ=;=<AFg 9KKMmHLAGFK, kFGwD=<g= <G=K FGL 9;;MmMD9L= AF 9F 9bKGDML=, Gbj=;LAv=, DAF=9J K=FK=, bML J9Lh=J gJGwK 9F< ;h9Fg=K, =JG<AFg AgFGJ9F;=, 9K <A>>=J=FL v9DM= H=JKH=;LAv=K 9J= ADDMmAF9L=< 9F< KyFLh=KAz=< Gv=J LAm=.<br><br> iF<==<, 9;IMAJAFg kFGwD=<g=K (HDMJ9D) ;h9Fg=K GbK=Jv=JK 9F< Lh=AJ GwF DAv=< =xH=JA=F;=K. FA>Lh, Lh= 9KKMmHLAGF G> ;GFL=xLM9DALy KhA>LK Lh= HGKLmG<=JF K;hGD9J 9K K=9J;h 9w9y >JGm <AK;Gv=JAFg F9LMJ9D D9wK LG A<=FLA>yAFg =xH=JA=FLA9D H9L- L=JFK AF hMm9F =xH=JA=F;=. cth=K= H9LL=JFK 9J= FGL D9wK 9F< LhMK F==< FGL b= D9w>MD GJ MFAv=JK9D.<br><br> iFKL=9<, Lh=y 9J= J=gMD9JALA=K Lh9L 9J= ;MDLMJ9DDy 9F< ;GFL=xLM9DDy bGMF<. th9L AK, Lh=y H=JL9AF LG 9F< mMKL b= MF<=JKLGG< wALhAF Lh= ;GFL=xL AF whA;h Lh=y 9J= >GMF< 4HGL=FLA9DDy MFAIM= 9F< FGFJ=H=9L- 9bD= d (sDA>= =L 9D., 1996, H. 76).<br><br> thAK K=FKALAvALy LG ;GFL=xL AF;DM<=K 9 KLJGFg =mHh9KAK GF hMm9F ;MDLMJ= 9K 9 >MF<9m=FL9D m=9FK >GJ MF<=JKL9F<AFg 9F< AFL=JHJ=LAFg hMm9F =xH=JA=F;=, 9F< Lh= mMDLAHD= J=9DALA=K AL ;GFKLALML=K. Implications 0or research, practice, social justice, and poverty aK AK Lh= ;9K= wALh F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm, Lh= 9KKMmHLAGFK AF- h=J=FL AF HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm AmHDy ;=JL9AF ;hGA;=K AF J=K=9J;h m=LhG<K, 9K w=DD 9K GLh=J 9J=9K (GAbbK, 2001; GMb9 & lAF;GDF, 1998). MGJ= KH=;Af;9DDy, HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm KMgg=KLK Lh9L IM9DAL9LAv= m=LhG<K KhGMD< b= =mHDGy=<.<br><br> eLhFGgJ9Hhy, >GJ =x9mHD=, 9DDGwK KG;A9D K;A=FLAKLK LG ;9HLMJ= 9F< J=D9L= 9 >MDD=J <=HA;LAGF G> AF<AvA<M9D 9K =xH=JA- =F;=K, HJGvA<AFg 9 <=HA;LAGF G> Lh=AJ DAv=< J=9DALA=K. iF HJ9;LA;= K=LLAFgK, Lh= 9KKMmHLAGFK AmHDA;AL AF HGKLmG<=JF KMb- j=;LAvAKm KMgg=KL Lh= MK= G> ;GFKLJM;LAvAKL 9F< F9JJ9LAv= Lh=J9HA=K. th=K= 9HHJG9;h=K =mHh9KAz= Lh9L hMm9F b=h9vAGJ ;9F GFDy b= MF<=JKLGG< AF Lh= ;GFL=xL AF whA;h AL G;;MJK 9F< Lh9L AF<AvA<M9DK 9;LAv=Dy H9JLA;AH9L= AF Lh= ;GFKLJM;LAGF G> Lh=AJ GwF J=9DALA=K.<br><br> uFAIM= H=JKGF9D KLGJA=K 9J= MF;Gv=J=< 9F< F=w, =mHGw=JAFg F9JJ9LAv=K 9J= ;G-;GFKLJM;L=< LhJGMgh <A9DGgM= b=Lw==F ;DA=FLK 9F< Lh=J9HAKLK. WALhAF LhAK >J9m=wGJk, Lh= FG- LAGF G> =vA<=F;=-b9K=< HJ9;LA;= (9L D=9KL 9K LJ9<ALAGF9DDy ;GF;=HLM9DAz=<) L=F<K LG hGD< DALLD= m=9FAFg KAF;= AFL=Jv=FLAGFK 9J= ;GFL=xL-KH=;Af; J9Lh=J Lh9F g=F=J9DAz9bD=. pGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm 9DKG AmHDA=K Lh9L FG MFAv=JK9D ;GF;=HLM- 9DAz9LAGFK G> KG;A9D jMKLA;= =xAKL.<br><br> r9Lh=J, 9K lyGL9J< (1979/1984) FGL=<, ;GF;=HLM9DAz9LAGFK G> KG;A9D jMKLA;= 9J= AF<AvA<M9D, DG;9D, 9F< H9JLA;MD9J. a mMDLAHDA;ALy G> jMKLA;=K =xAKLK J9Lh=J Lh9F 9Fy KAFgD= FGLAGF G> KG;A9D jMKLA;= Lh9L AK J=D=v9FL 9;JGKK LAm= 9F< ;MDLMJ=K. tG 9<<J=KK HGv=JLy 9F< GLh=J KG;A9D HJGbD=mK, HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAv- AKm KLJ=KK=K Lh= AmHGJL9F;= G> <=;GFKLJM;LAFg HJ=v9ADAFg ;GFKLJM;LAGFK G> J=9DALy Lh9L HJAvAD=g= LhGK= AF HGKALAGFK G> HGw=J.<br><br> GAvAFg vGA;= LG Lh= KLGJA=K G> H=GHD= whG 9J= HGGJ 9F< ADDMKLJ9LAFg hGw <GmAF9FL F9JJ9LAv=K J= =;L Lh= v9DM=K G> <GmAF9FL AFL=J=KLK, J9Lh=J Lh9F 9DD G> KG;A=Ly 9K KL9k=hGD<=JK, AK K==F 9 ;JALA;9D <Am=FKAGF AF 9<<J=KKAFg HJGbD=mK KM;h 9K HGv=JLy. sG;A=L9D LJ9FK>GJm9LAGF G;;MJK 9K F=w H=JKH=;LAv=K 9J= bJGMghL AFLG <A9DGgM= 9F< 9 F=w KyFLh=KAK AK bJGk=J=< Lh9L AF;GJHGJ9L=K Lh= H=JKH=;LAv=K G> HJ=vAGMKDy m9JgAF9DAz=< HGHMD9LAGFK. oF= G> Lh= KLJ=FgLhK G> HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm AK Lh9L AL h9K h=DH=< LG D=gALAm9L= F=w, FGF-m9L=JA9D, w9yK G> kFGwAFg.<br><br> WALhAF Lh= ;GFL=xL G> LhAK KMHHGKALAGF9D >J9m=wGJk, KHAJALM9D H=JKH=;LAv=K 9J= FGL social WorK & cHristianitY 366 367 9MLGm9LA;9DDy bJ9F<=< 9K ADD=gALAm9L= HJ=L=F<=JK AF AFL=DD=;LM9D <AK- ;GMJK= (t9Fg=Fb=Jg, 2000). FGJ =x9mHD=, AF Lh= ;GFL=xL G> <AK;MKKAFg v9JAGMK =HAKL=mGDGgA;9D H=JKH=;LAv=K, n9k9KhAm9 (2003) h9K HJ=K=FL=< tJ9FKH=JKGF9D, tJAb9D, 9F< BM<<hAKL H=JKH=;LAv=K. tG =xH9F< MHGF LhAK =m=JgAFg <Av=JKALy G> H=JKH=;LAv=K, b=DGw w= <=v=DGH Lh= GMLDAF=K G> GF= v=JKAGF G> 9 chJAKLA9F ;JALAIM= G> Lh= LwG HJ==mAF=FL KMHHGKALAGF9D >J9m=wGJkK J=vA=w=< 9bGv=.<br><br> Toward a Christian Critique tJ9<ALAGF9D >GJmK G> chJAKLA9FALy J=m9AF 9 vAbJ9FL H=JKH=;LAv= 9mGFg Lh= g=F=J9D HGHMD9LAGF, MF<=JK;GJAFg Lh= AmHGJL9F;= G> <=v=DGH- AFg 9 chJAKLA9F =HAKL=mGDGgA;9D 9HHJG9;h (G9DDMH & lAF<K9y, 1999; G9D- DMH & JGF=K, 2000). chJAKLA9FK, hGw=v=J, 9J= K=v=J=Dy MF<=JJ=HJ=K=FL=< AF ;MJJ=FL AFL=DD=;LM9D <AK;GMJK= (BGD;= & d= M9AG, 1999; HMFL=J, 1991). a <AKLAF;LAv= chJAKLA9F H=JKH=;LAv= 9kAF LG, >GJ =x9mHD=, Lh= >=mAFAKL H=JKH=;LAv=, h9K FGL y=L J==m=Jg=< (M9JK<=F, 1997).<br><br> cGFK=IM=FLDy, AF LhAK K=;LAGF w= <J9w MHGF v9JAGMK ;JALA;AKmK, <AJ=;L=< LGw9J< bGLh <GmAF9FL H9J9<AgmK Lh9L h9v= 9HH=9J=< AF Lh= 9;9<=mA; DAL=J9LMJ=. th=K= H=JKH=;LAv=K 9J= AFL=gJ9L=< wALh v9JAGMK =;Mm=FA;9D Lh=GDGgA;9D KL9L=m=FLK, KM;h 9K Evangelicals and Catholics Together (cGDKGF, c., dA9z-VAD9J, J., dMDD=K, a., G=GJg=, F., HADD, K., l9F<, r., =L 9D., 1994), wGJkK Lh9L 9KHAJ= LG <=v=DGH 9 Lh=AKLA; 9HHJG9;h LG KG;A9D K;A=F;= (BGwHALL, 2000; rA;h9J<K & B=JgAF, 1997), 9F< Lh= vA=wK G> chJAKLA9F HhADGKGHh=JK (pD9FLAFg9, 1994; 2000) 9F< Lh=GDG- gA9FK (c9AJFK, 1973; HG=k=m9, 1986) LG hAghDAghL HGAFLK G> KAmAD9JALy 9F< AF;GFgJMALy b=Lw==F chJAKLA9FALy 9F< F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm 9F< HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm. oMJ AFL=FL AK FGL LG G>>=J 9 <=fFALAv= chJAKLA9F =HAKL=mGDGgA;9D 9HHJG9;h.<br><br> r9Lh=J, w= K==k LG >GKL=J >MJLh=J <AK;MKKAGF. th= >GDDGwAFg GMLDAF= m9y b= K==F 9K 9 L=FL9LAv= Kk=L;h G> 9 JGMgh >J9m=wGJk, whA;h mAghL b= J=>=JJ=< LG 9K chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm (n=LD9F<, 2004; o 9cGFFGJ, 1996; pD9FLAFg9, 2000; sM<<MLh, 2003). Assumptions o0 Christian theism lAk= F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm 9F< HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm, chJAK- LA9F Lh=AKm 9DKG m9k=K ;=JL9AF 9KKMmHLAGFK 9bGML Lh= F9LMJ= G> Lh= wGJD<.<br><br> amGFg Lh=K= 9J= Lh= b=DA=>K Lh9L GG< =xAKLK 9F< Lh9L GG< ;J=9L=< 9F< ;GFLAFM=K LG b= AFvGDv=< AF 9 hGDAKLA; MFAv=JK= ;GFKAKLAFg G> m9L=JA9D 9F< KHAJALM9D KHh=J=K. th=K= KHh=J=K ;G=xAKL, J= =;L AFL=DDAg=FL <=KAgF, 9F< h9v= 9 J=9D =xAKL=F;=, AF<=H=F<=FL G> hMm9FkAF<. WALhAF LhAK ;J=9L=< GJ<=J, hMm9F b=AFgK 9J= GFLGDGgA;9DDy MFAIM=.<br><br> iF KGm= K=FK=, hMm9FK 9J= HGKAL=< LG J= =;L Lh= Am9g= G> GG<. thMK, 9K GG< 9K Am9g= b=9J=JK, Lh=y 9J= J=D9LAGF9D. iF 9<<ALAGF, 9DD hMm9FK h9v= <AgFALy, wGJLh, AF<AvA<M9DALy, ;J=9LAvALy, KLJ=FgLhK, 9F< J9LAGF9DALy.<br><br> HMm9F 9bADALA=K, whAD= HJG>GMF<, 9J= FGL wALhGML DAmAL9LAGFK. dM= LG Lh= >9DD, Lh= ;J=9L=< GJ<=J AK, AF KGm= K=FK=, cL9JFAKh=<. d aK 9 J=KMDL G> Lh= >9DD 9F< Lh= KMbK=IM=FL FG=LA; =>>=;LK G> KAF 9F< =gG;=FLJA;ALy, hMm9F MF<=JKL9F<AFg G> Lh= ;J=9L=< GJ<=J AK AmH=J>=;L. aK WGDL=JKLGJ>> KMgg=KLK, chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm HJGmGL=K 9 mG<=KL, L=FL9LAv= 9HHJG9;h LG kFGwD=<g= 4<AKH=FKAFg wALh cmG<=JF hMbJAK GF Lh= GF= h9F< 9F< HGKL- mG<=JF <=KH9AJ GF Lh= GLh=J d (9K ;AL=< AF sL9;khGMK=, 2004, H.<br><br> 41). Implications 0or research, practice, social justice, and poverty iF L=JmK G> J=K=9J;h m=LhG<K, LhAK =HAKL=mGDGgA;9D 9HHJG9;h AmHDA=K Lh= MK= G> bGLh IM9FLAL9LAv= 9F< IM9DAL9LAv= J=K=9J;h m=LhG<K. qM9FLAL9LAv= m=LhG<K 9J= ;GFgJM=FL wALh 9 chJAKLA9F =HAKL=mGDGgA;9D 9HHJG9;h <M= LG 9 FMmb=J G> Kh9J=< KMHHGKALAGFK.<br><br> a;;GJ<AFg LG chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm, Lh= ;J= - 9L=< wGJD< J= =;LK <=KAgF 9F< GJ<=J. FMJLh=J, hMm9FK 9J= =F<Gw=< wALh J9LAGF9DALy 9F<, 9K GG< 9K Am9g= b=9J=JK, 9J= 9bD= LG, KG LG KH=9k, LhAFk GG< 9K LhGMghLK 9>L=J HAm. iF GLh=J wGJ<K, 9 J9LAGF9D= =xAKLK LG DGGk >GJ GJ<=J AF Lh= MFAv=JK= 9F< LG =xH=;L Lh9L hMm9FK ;9F MF<=JKL9F< Lh9L GJ<=J (sL9Jk, 2003).<br><br> a;;GJ<AFg LG sL9Jk (2003), LhAK HJ=mAK= HD9y=< 9F AFKLJMm=FL9D JGD= AF bAJLhAFg IM9FLAL9LAv= J=K=9J;h m=LhG<K 9F< Lh= K;A=FLAf; HJGj=;L 9L D9Jg=, 9DLhGMgh eFDAghL=Fm=FL AF M=F;=K =v=FLM9DDy <AK=F>J9F;hAK=< Lh= KHAJALM9D <Am=FKAGFK (sDA>=, =L 9D. 1999; sL9Jk, 2003). iF 9<<ALAGF LG GJ<=J 9F< H9LL=JF, chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm 9DKG HGKALK MFAIM=- F=KK 9F< AF<AvA<M9DALy, H9JLA;MD9JDy 9mGFg hMm9F b=AFgK.<br><br> FMJLh=J, 9K b=AFgK ;J=9L=< AF 9F< J= =;LAFg GG< 9K Am9g=, hMm9FK 9J= 9DKG 9;LAv=Dy =Fg9g=< AF ;J=9LAFg m=9FAFg. aK smALh (2003) GbK=Jv=<, hMm9FK 9J= mGJ9D, b=DA=vAFg =FLALA=K whG AFLJAFKA;9DDy ;J=9L= F9JJ9LAv=K AF GJ<=J LG m9k= K=FK= G> Lh= wGJD< 9JGMF< Lh=m. thMK, Lh= MK= G> IM9DAL9LAv= m=LhG<GDGgA=K AK 9DKG w9J- J9FL=< AF k==HAFg wALh Lh= Kh9J=< 9KKMmHLAGFK b=Lw==F chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm 9F< HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm.<br><br> th= IM=KL >GJ =mHAJA;9DDy v9DA<9L=< AFL=Jv=FLAGFK AK ;GFgJM=FL wALh chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm >GJ Lh= m9Fy G> Lh= K9m= J=9KGFK Lh9L MF<=JDA= KMHHGJL >GJ IM9FLAL9LAv= J=K=9J;h m=LhG<GDGgA=K. B=;9MK= <=KAgF 9F< GJ<=J =xAKL AF Lh= ;J=9L=< wGJD<, AL AK DAk=Dy Lh9L =>>=;LAv= LJ=9Lm=FL ;GmmGF9DLA=K =xAKL Lh9L ;9F b= GH=J9LAGF9DAz=< 9F< m=9KMJ=< GF KL9F<9J<Az=< L=KL AFKLJMm=FLK. aK H9JL G> Lh= ;J=9L=< GJ<=J, AL AK J=9KGF9bD= LG b=DA=v= Lh9L episteMoloGY and social WorK: toWard a cHristian critique social WorK & cHristianitY 368 369 episteMoloGY and social WorK: toWard a cHristian critique hMm9FK wADD =x=mHDA>y KGm= G> Lh= K9m= MFAv=JK9D LJ9ALK, 9L D=9KL AF 9 hAghDy HJGb9bADAKLA; K=FK=, Lh9L 9HH=9J AF Lh= J=KL G> Lh= m9L=JA9D wGJD<.<br><br> cGF;MJJ=FLDy, AL AK AmHGJL9FL LG KLJ=KK Lh9L chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm HGKALK Lh9L hMm9FK 9J= <AKLAF;L wALhAF Lh= ;J=9L=< GJ<=J. aK FGL=< 9bGv=, hMm9FK <A>- >=J, GFLGDGgA;9DDy, >JGm Lh= J=KL G> Lh= wGJD<. iF k==HAFg wALh HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKL 9KKMmHLAGFK, hMm9FK 9J= hAghDy MFAIM=, hGDAKLA; b=AFgK Lh9L AFLJAFKA;9DDy L=F< LG ;J=9L= m=9FAFg AF Lh= mA<KL G> DA>= ;AJ;MmKL9F;=K.<br><br> FMJLh=J, LJ9FK;=F<=FL, KHAJALM9D <Am=FKAGFK G>L=F HD9y 9 ;JALA;9D JGD= AF Lh= m=9FAFg m9kAFg HJG;=KK (FJ9FkD, 1963; JMFg, 1933; p9Jg9m=FL, 1997). th= ;=FLJ9D JGD= Lh9L KHAJALM9DALy G>L=F HD9yK AF hMm9F =xH=JA=F;= AK 9 KAgFAf;9FL ;GF;=JF (rA;h9J<K & B=JgAF, 2000; V9F HGGk, HMg=F & agMAD9J, 2001). sGm= J=K=9J;h=JK h9v= MK=< IM9FLAL9LAv= m=LhG<K LG 9KK=KK Lh= =>- >=;LAv=F=KK G> KHAJALM9D AFL=Jv=FLAGFK KM;h 9K AFL=J;=KKGJy HJ9y=J (HG<g=, 2007).<br><br> cGFv=JK=Dy, sDA>=, HGH=, 9F< n=b=k=J (1999) 9JgM= Lh9L KHAJALM9D Hh=FGm=F9 9J= G>L=F hGDAKLA; 9F< MFAIM=. iF GLh=J wGJ<K, GG< m9y AFL=J- v=F= AF FGF-J=HDA;9bD=, AKGD9L=< AF;A<=FLK Lh9L 9J= <A>f;MDL LG IM9FLA>y <M= LG Lh= MFAIM=F=KK G> Lh= AFL=Jv=FLAGF AF =9;h H=JKGF 9K DA>=. sM;h Hh=FGm=F9 9J= AF;GmH9LAbD= wALh IM9FLAL9LAv= m=LhG<GDGgA=K KAF;= KM;h m=LhG<K 9J= HJ=mAK=< MHGF J=H=9L9bD= Hh=FGm=F9 Lh9L ;9F b= GH=J9LAGF9DAz=< AF 9 ;GF- ;J=L= m9FF=J (sDA>= & G9FLL, 1999).<br><br> thAK DAF= G> J=9KGFAFg AmHDA=K Lh= MK= G> IM9DAL9LAv= m=LhG<K Lh9L =mHh9KAz= DAv=< =xH=JA=F;= KAF;= Lh=y J=HJ=K=FL Lh= GFDy w9y LG ;9HLMJ= KM;h AF<AvA<M9DDy L9ADGJ=< AFL=Jv=FLAGFK. thAK DAF= G> J=9KGFAFg AmHDA=K Lh9L J=;=FL 9LL=mHLK LG bJG9<=F MF<=JKL9F<AFgK G> =vA<=F;= b=yGF< Lh9L HJG<M;=< by rctK MKAFg KL9F<9J<Az=< m=9KMJ=K 9J= w9JJ9FL=< (apa pJ=KA<=FLA9D t9Kk FGJ;= GF evA<=F;=-b9K=< pJ9;LA;=, 2006). a chJAKLA9F 9FLhJGHGDGgA;9D MF<=J- KL9F<AFg KMgg=KLK Lh9L ;GFKLJM;LAvAKL 9F< F9JJ9LAv= Lh=J9HA=K m9y 9DKG b= =>>=;LAv= HJ9;LA;= AFL=Jv=FLAGFK, =v=F LhGMgh KM;h AFL=Jv=FLAGFK m9y b= mGJ= <A>f;MDL LG IM9FLA>y.<br><br> iL AK MFKMJHJAKAFg Lh9L AFL=Jv=FLAGFK KM;h 9K ;GgFALAv= b=h9vAGJ9D Lh=J9Hy L=F< LG b= HJ=<GmAF9FL AF DAKLK G> =mHAJA;9DDy v9DA<9L=< AFL=Jv=FLAGFK (ch9mbD=KK, =L 9D., 1995; ch9mbD=KK & oDD=F<A;k, 2001). iFL=Jv=FLAGFK Lh9L 9J= =9KADy GH=J9LAGF9DAz=< 9F< m=9KMJ=< MKAFg KL9F<9J<Az=< K;9D=K 9J= mGJ= DAk=Dy LG m==L am=JA;9F pKy;hGDGgA;9D aKKG;A9LAGF dAvAKAGF 12 ;JAL=JA9 9K 9 w=DD-=KL9bDAKh=<, =m- HAJA;9DDy v9DA<9L=< AFL=Jv=FLAGF. cGFKLJM;LAvAKL 9F< F9JJ9LAv= Lh=J9HA=K 9J=, by <=KAgF, AF<AvA<M9DDy L9ADGJ=< 9F<, ;GFK=IM=FLDy, mGJ= <A>f;MDL LG KL9F<9J<Az=.<br><br> i> Lh= KL9F<9J<K by whA;h LJ=9Lm=FLK 9J= 9KK=KK=< AK bJG9<=F=<, hGw=v=J, Lh=F ;GFKLJM;LAvAKL AFL=Jv=FLAGFK m9y b= 9DKG b= >GMF< LG b= 9K =>>=;LAv= m9Fy ;GgFALAv= b=h9vAGJ9D AFL=Jv=FLAGFK. WhAD= chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm AK ;GFgJM=FL wALh bGLh IM9FLAL9LAv= 9F< IM9DAL9LAv= m=LhG<K, 9F< Lh= MK= G> 9F 9JJ9y G> HJ9;LA;= AFL=Jv=FLAGFK, ;D=9J <A>>=J=F;=K =m=Jg= AF Lh= 9J=9K G> KG;A9D jMKLA;= 9F< HGv=JLy. iF KHAL= G> ALK wA<=Dy 9;kFGwD=<g=< KLJ=FgLhK, ;JALA;K h9v= 9JgM=< Lh9L HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm AK b=K=L wALh 9 FMmb=J G> AFL=JF9D DGgA;9D 9wK (FJ9K=J & nA;hGDKGF, 1988; M9z=, 2001).<br><br> amGFg Lh=K= H=J;=Av=< KhGJL;GmAFgK 9J= ALK ;GmmALm=FL LG 9FLA-J=9DAKm 9F< ALK J=j=;LAGF G> MFAv=JK9DK (aLh=JLGF & BGDD9F<, 2002; sLG=Kz, 2002; thy=J & WG<9JKkA, 1998; W9k=f=D<, 1995). aK FGL=< 9bGv=, Lh= HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKL 9K wGJD<vA=w AmHDA=K Lh9L MFAv=JK9D ;GFKLJM;LK KM;h 9K hMm9F JAghLK 9J= AFv9DA< ;GF;=HLK (lyGL9J<, 1979/1984). tG HJGHGK= 9F< 9LL=mHL LG AmHD=m=FL MFAv=JK9DK AK K==F 9K 9F MF=LhA;9D AmHGKALAGF G> >GJ=AgF v9DM=K Lh9L =xhAbALK D9;k G> J=KH=;L >GJ ;MD- LMJ9D <Av=JKALy 9F< hMm9F 9MLGFGmy (p9L=m9F, 1998).<br><br> Y=L, 9K KGm= KG;A9D jMKLA;= 9<vG;9L=K h9v= FGL=<, LG J=j=;L MFAv=JK9DAKm AK LG 9;;=HL Lh= A<=9 Lh9L FG HD9;= =xAKLK >GJ wA<=Dy 9>fJm=< b9KA; JAghLK (G=GJg=, 1999; r=A;h=JL, 2003). iF GLh=J wGJ<K, AL AK AmHGKKAbD= LG K9y Lh9L H=GHD= =v=Jywh=J= KhGMD< b= >J== >JGm, >GJ =x9mHD=, LGJLMJ= GJ KD9v=Jy (HG<g=, AF HJ=KK). V9DMAFg hMm9F <Av=JKALy 9F< 9MLGFGmy AK 9F AmHGJL9FL A<=9D Lh9L GwK >JGm chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm 9K =mHh9KAK MHGF hMm9FkAF< 9K MFAIM=F=KK 9F< AF<AvA<M9DALy.<br><br> s;hGD9JK h9v= FGL=< Lh9L F9LAGFK AF whA;h chJAKLA9FALy h9K HD9y=< 9 KAgFAf;9FL JGD= 9J= 9mGFg Lh= >J==KL AF Lh= wGJD< (H=JLzk=, 2003; M9JKh9DD, 2000). aDLhGMgh v9JAGMK >9;LGJK MF<=JDA= LhAK fF<AFg, 9 FMmb=J G> GbK=Jv=JK h9v= KMgg=KL=< Lh9L LhAK hAgh <=gJ== G> >J==<Gm AK 9 <AJ=;L G>>KHJAFg G> chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm 9K HhADGKGHhA;9D MF<=JHAFFAFgK (H=JLzk=, 2003; HMFLAFgLGF, 1991). chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm 9>fJmK, 9L D=9KL AF Lh=GJy, MFAv=JK9DK KM;h 9K hMm9F JAghLK.<br><br> B=;9MK= 9DD H=GHD= 9J= <==m=< LG h9v= =IM9D wGJLh 9F< <AgFALy, J=g9J<D=KK G> hGw Lh=y ;hGGK= LG ;GFKLJM;L m=9FAFg AF Lh=AJ DAv=K, 9DD H=GHD= 9J= =FLALD=< LG ;=JL9AF hMm9F JAghLK (H=JLzk=, 2003). thAK b=DA=> AF hMm9F JAghLK Lh9L 9J= MFAv=JK9DDy 9HHDA;9bD= LG 9DD hMm9F b=AFgK HJGvA<=< Lh= HhADGKGHhA;9D b9;k<JGH >GJ Lh= ;hMJ;h 9K AFKLJMm=FL9D JGD= AF wGJkAFg LG =F< sGvA=L h=g=mGFy AF pGD9F< 9F< e9KL=JF eMJGH= (H=JLzk= & phADHGLL, 2000). aDLhGMgh <=b9L= m9y =xAKL J=g9J<AFg Lh= =x9;L F9LMJ= 9F< =xL=FL G> hMm9F JAghLK, chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm KMHHGJLK Lh= ;GF;=HL.<br><br> a K=;GF< 9J=9 G> ;GF;=JF J=g9J<AFg HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm AK ALK 9FLA-J=9DAKL KL9F;=, whA;h h9K <AJ=;L AmHDA;9LAGFK >GJ 9<<J=KKAFg HJGbD=mK KM;h 9K HGv=JLy. aK lAF;GDF 9F< GMb9 (2003, H. 270) 9KK=JL, cwh=Lh=J GJ social WorK & cHristianitY 370 371 episteMoloGY and social WorK: toWard a cHristian critique FGL Lh= wGJD< h9K 9 8J=9D 9 =xAKL=F;= GMLKA<= G> hMm9F =xH=JA=F;= G> Lh9L wGJD< AK 9F GH=F IM=KLAGF. d aK pADgJAm (2000) FGL=K, wALh FG ;GmmALm=FL LG J=9DAKm, FG J9LAGF9D= =xAKLK LG 9K;=JL9AF wh=Lh=J HJGbD=mK <G AF >9;L =xAKL 9K J=9D =FLALA=K AF Lh= m9L=JA9D wGJD<.<br><br> iL AK AmHGJL9FL LG 9;kFGwD=<g= Lh= AmHGJL9FL JGD= Lh9L <=;GFKLJM;LAFg <GmAF9FL <AK;GMJK=K ;9F HD9y AF L=JmK G> GH=FAFg MH 9 <A9DGgM= AF whA;h HJ=vAGMKDy m9JgAF9DAz=< vGA;=K ;9F b= h=9J< (HG<g=, 2002). i>, hGw=v=J, HJGbD=mK KM;h 9K HGv=JLy 9J= m=J=Dy KG;A9D ;GFKLJM;LAGFK, wALh FG AF<=H=F<=FL =xAKL=F;= AF 9F< G> Lh=mK=Dv=K, AL AK <A>f;MDL LG K== why =>>GJLK KhGMD< b= =xH=F<=< LG 9<<J=KK KM;h AKKM=K, H9JLA;MD9JDy AF ;JGKK-;MDLMJ9D ;GFL=xLK (M;n=ADD, 2006). aK GF= ;GFKLJM;LAvAKL wJAL=J wGJkAFg LG J=KGDv= Lh= ;GFLJ9<A;LAGFK wALhAF HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm FGL=<, Lh= AmHDA;9LAGFK G> Lh= H9J9<Agm ;9F b= K==F 9K cHGDALA;9DDy H9J9DyzAFg d (e<D=y, 2001, H.<br><br> 434). dM= LG ALK J=9DAKL 9KKMmHLAGFK, AF L9F<=m wALh ALK 9>fJm9LAGF G> Lh= v9DM= 9F< <AgFALy G> 9DD hMm9F b=AFgK, chJAKLA9F Lh=AKm 9>fJmK Lh9L HJGbD=mK KM;h 9K HGv=JLy 9J= J=9D 9F< Lh9L KGm=LhAFg KhGMD< b= <GF= LG 9DD=vA9L= Lh= hMm9F KM>>=JAFg (J=FkAFK, 2002). Conclusion iF LhAK 9JLA;D=, w= J=vA=w=< LwG m9jGJ =HAKL=mGDGgA;9D >J9m=wGJkK, F9LMJ9DAKLA; mG<=JFAKm 9F< HGKLmG<=JF KMbj=;LAvAKm, Lh9L KMHHGJL mGKL ;MJJ=FL KG;A9D K;A=F;= J=K=9J;h.<br><br> W= A<=FLAf=< 9F< <AK;MKK=< Lh= MF<=JDyAFg 9KKMmHLAGFK G> Lh=K= LwG =HAKL=mGDGgA;9D >J9m=wGJkK 9F< bJA= y <AK;MKK=< Lh=AJ AmHDA;9LAGFK >GJ J=K=9J;h m=LhG<GDGgy, KG;A9D wGJk HJ9;LA;=, KG;A9D jMKLA;=, 9F< KG;A9D HJGbD=mK KM;h 9K HGv=JLy. W= ;GF;DM<=< by Kk=L;hAFg KGm= H9J9m=L=JK G> 9 chJAKLA9F 9DL=JF9LAv=, GMLDAFAFg KGm= G> Lh= AmHDA;9LAGFK G> LhAK 9DL=JF9LAv= >GJ KG;A9D wGJk, 9F< AFvALAFg GLh=JK LG jGAF Lh= <AK;MKKAGF. v r eferences apa pJ=KA<=FLA9D t9Kk FGJ;= GF evA<=F;=-b9K=< pJ9;LA;=.<br><br> (2006). evA<=F;=- b9K=< HJ9;LA;= AF HKy;hGDGgy. American Psychologist, 64 (4), 271-285.<br><br> aLh=JLGF, c. r., & BGDD9F<, K. a.<br><br> (2002). pGKLmG<=JFAKm: a <9Fg=JGMK ADDMKAGF >GJ KG;A9D wGJk. International Social Work, 45 (4), 421-433.<br><br> Bh9Kk9J, r. (1989). Reclaiming reality: A critical introduction to contemporary philosophy.<br><br> lGF<GF: V=JKG. BGghGKKA9F, p. (2006).<br><br> Fear o: knowledge. n=w YGJk: ox>GJ< uFAv=JKALy pJ=KK. BGD;=, l., & d= M9AG, G.<br><br> (1999). r=DAgAGMK GMLDGGk, ;MDLMJ= w9J HGDALA;K, 9F< 9FLAH9Lhy LGw9J< chJAKLA9F >MF<9m=FL9DAKLK. Public Opinion Quar- terly, 63 (1), 29-61.<br><br> BGwHALL, G. (2000). WGJkAFg wALh ;J=9LAv= ;J=9LMJ=K: tGw9J<K 9 chJAKLA9F H9J9<Agm >GJ KG;A9D wGJk Lh=GJy, wALh KGm= HJ9;LA;9D AmHDA;9LAGFK.<br><br> British Journal o: Social Work, 30 (3), 349-364. BMk=J, B. (2003).<br><br> sHAJALM9D <=v=DGHm=FL 9F< Lh= =HAKL=mGDGgy G> KyKL=mK Lh=GJy. Journal o: Psychology and Theology, 31 (2), 143-153. c9AJFK, d.<br><br> (1973). The image o: God in man. lGF<GF: cGDDAFK.<br><br> ch9mbD=KK, d. l., B9bA;h, K., chJAKLGHh=J, p. c., FJ9Fk, e., GADKGF, M., MGFLgGm=Jy, r., =L 9D.<br><br> (1995). tJ9AFAFg AF 9F< <AKK=mAF9LAGF G> =mHAJA- ;9DDy-v9DA<9L=< HKy;hGDGgA;9D LJ=9Lm=FLK: r=HGJL 9F< J=;Gmm=F<9LAGFK. The Clinical Psychologist, 48 (1), 3-23.<br><br> ch9mbD=KK, d. l., & oDD=F<A;k, t. H.<br><br> (2001). emHAJA;9DDy KMHHGJL=< HKy- ;hGDGgA;9D AFL=Jv=FLAGFK: cGFLJGv=JKA=K 9F< =vA<=F;=. Annual Review o: Psychology, 52, 685-716.<br><br> cGDKGF, c., dA9z-VAD9J, J., dMDD=K, a., G=GJg=, F., HADD, K., l9F<, r., =L 9D. (1994, M9y). ev9Fg=DA;9DK 9F< c9LhGDA;K LGg=Lh=J.<br><br> First Things, 43, 15-22. cJAKH, B. r.<br><br> (2004). evA<=F;=-b9K=< HJ9;LA;= 9F< Lh= bGJ<=JK G> <9L9 AF Lh= gDGb9D AF>GJm9LAGF =J9. Journal o: Social Work Education, 40 (1), 73-86.<br><br> e<D=y, n. (2001). uFJ9v=DAFg KG;A9D ;GFKLJM;LAGFAKm.<br><br> Theory and Psychol- ogy, 11 (3), 433-441. FJ9FkD, V. e.<br><br> (1963). Man 9s search :or meaning. n=w YGJk: W9KhAFgLGF sIM9J=.<br><br> FJ9K=J, n., & nA;hGDKGF, l. (1988). sG;A9D ;JALA;AKm wALhGML HhADGKGHhy: aF =F;GMFL=J b=Lw==F >=mAFAKm 9F< HGKLmG<=JFAKm.<br><br> Communication, 10 (3/4), 345-366. G9DDMH, G. J., & lAF<K9y, d.<br><br> M. (1999). Surveying the religious landscape.<br><br> H9JJAKbMJg, pa: MGJ=hGMK= pMbDAKhAFg. G9DDMH, G., & JGF=K, t. (2000).<br><br> The next American spirituality: Finding God in the twenty- rst century. cGDGJ9<G sHJAFgK, co: VA;LGJ. G9mbJADD, e.<br><br> (2003). oF ;JALA;9D AFIMAJy AFLG Lh= MK= G> MF=x9mAF=< m=LhG<K: a ;GFv=JK9LAGF wALh rGbyF d9w=K. Journal o: Social Work Education, 39 (1), 27-40.<br><br> G=GJg=, J. (1999). cGF;=HLM9D mM<<D=, HJ9;LA;9D <AD=mm9: HMm9F JAghLK, KG;A9D <=v=DGHm=FL 9F< KG;A9D wGJk =<M;9LAGF.<br><br> International Social Work, 42 (1), 15-26. GAbbK, a. (2001).<br><br> th= ;h9FgAFg F9LMJ= 9F< ;GFL=xL G> KG;A9D wGJk J=K=9J;h. British Journal o: Social Work, 31, 687-704. GAbbK, l.<br><br> (2003). Evidence-based practice :or the helping pro:essions: A practi- cal guide with integrated multimedia. p9;Af; GJGv=, ca: BJGGkK/cGD=.<br><br> social WorK & cHristianitY 372 373 episteMoloGY and social WorK: toWard a cHristian critique GMb9, e. G., & lAF;GDF, Y. s.<br><br> (1998). cGmH=LAFg H9J9<AgmK AF IM9DAL9LAv= J=- K=9J;h. iF n.<br><br> K. d=FzAF & Y. s.<br><br> lAF;GDF (e<K.), The landscape o: qualitative research: Theories and issues (HH. 195-220). thGMK9F< o9kK, ca: s9g=.<br><br> H9JLm9F, a. (1990). M9Fy w9yK G> kFGwAFg [e<ALGJA9D].<br><br> Social Work, 35 (1), 3-5. H=JLzk=, a. d.<br><br> (2003). ev9Fg=DA;9DK 9F< AFL=JF9LAGF9D

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